LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. 

i^qt ioptjrigffi !$Ot_- 



UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 



GUIDE 



Correct Language 



A BOOK OF 



READY REFERENCE, 



IN THREE PARTS. 



By Prof. G. H. Bell, 

Author of "-Natural Method in English" "Chart on Punctuation" Etc. 



PRACTICAL GRAMMAR, 



GIVING IN PLAIN LANGUAGE THE MOST ESSENTIAL GRAMMATICAL LAWS, WITH EXAMP1 
THE CORRECT AS WELL AS THE INCORRECT USE OF WORDS. 



II. 

PUNCTUATION. 



ENTIRELY NEW METHOD, EMBRACING INSTRUCTIONS, K 
ONE CAN INSTANTLY FIND \VH 



III. 

USE OF CAPITA 

DEFINED BY A COMPLETE SET OF RULES, AND [LLUSTS 




Published by the Author, Battle Creek, Mich. 



-=t 




NOUNS. PAGB. 

Formation of the Plural. .--_•--. -5 

PRONOUNS. 

Laws of Agreement. - - - 9 

Forms, or Cases. -- ---IO 

Uses of these Forms. - - - - 11 

ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS. 

Comparison. ----------- 12 

Form of the Adverb. - -------- I2 

Adverb never in Predicate. - 12 

VERBS. 

Tenses : Principal Parts, Past Participle, Regular Verbs. - - 13 

Laws for Tense Forms. -------- 14 

Person and Number of the Verb. - ------ 15 

Table of Irregular Verbs. -------- 16 

CONJUNCTIONS. 

Coordinate Terms. ---------- 20 

Terms that can not be cobrdinately joined. - - - - 20 

Special Signification. .----.... 21 

GENERAL HINTS AND CAUTIONS. ------ 2 i 

SYNOPSIS OF PARTS OF SPEECH and Chief Rules for their Use. - 24 



—*? 



PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



ctfci 






PEAGTICAI Nr * •$ 



6BAMMAB 




f j^J)S S 2^)~^ v ^'' x/x ^ v ^^5X 3 (5^ « 



NOUNS 






^^JR'INCE we must have a name for everything of which 
l^bj) Ave speak, it follows that names, or nouns, as they are 
V^f* called in grammar, form a very important part of 
Jk language. 
!> • The name of anything, whether real or imag- 
inary, is a noun. It may be the name of a material ob- 
ject, or it may be the name of an action or a quality. 

A noun that denotes but one thing of its kind, is said 
to be in the singular number. 

A noun that denotes two or more things of the same 
kind, is in the plural number. 

FORMATION OF THE PLURAL. 

In most cases the plural noun differs in form from the 
singular. 

The plural number is generally formed by adding s to 
the singular ; as, — 

Town, towns; river, rivers; mountain, mountains. 

NOUNS ENDING IN S.— Nouns ending in the sound of s, z, 
sh, ch soft, or j, add the syllable es to form the plural. 

EXAMPLES. 

Ending in the sound of s : gas, gases ; fox, foxes; conscience, consciences. 
Ending in the sound of z : maze, mazes; adz, adzes; noise, noises. 
Ending in sh : dish, dishes; wish, wishes; fish, fishes. 
Ending inch: watch, watches; torch, torches; witch, -witches: church, 
churches. 

Ending in the sound of j : cage, cages; barge, barges: forge, ft 



PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



Remarks. — From the examples just given, it will be seen that the rule does 
not require the word to end in the letter s or z, etc., but merely in the sound 
of that letter. Fox and conscience end in the sound of s ; maze and noise, in 
the sound of z ; and cage and forge, in the sound of j. 

The final e of the singular noun, when silent, is dropped before adding the 
syllable es, as it is before ed, and other syllables beginning with a vowel. 

NOUNS ENDING IN Y.— When a noun ends in y, its plural 
is formed by adding s, if the letter next to the y is a, e, 
i, o, or u. In other cases, the y is first changed to i, and 
then es is added. 

EXAMPLES. 

Where S forms the plural : joy, joys; chimney, chimneys; money, moneys; 
day, days. 

Where y is changed to i : lady, ladies; duty, duties; cherry, cherries: 
glory, glories. 

Remark. — The es added to nouns ending in y does not constitute a syllable. 

NOUNS ENDING IN 0.— A noun that ends in o forms its 
plural by adding s whenever the letter next to the o is a, 
e, i, o, or u. When any other letter immediately precedes 
the o, the plural is formed by adding es, but without in- 
creasing the number of syllables in the word. Nouns ending 
in u generally follow the same rule as nouns ending in o. 

EXAMPLES. 

Where s is added : cameo, cameos; ratio, ratios; folio, folios. 
Where es is added : cargo, cargoes; negro, negroes; gnu, gnues. 
Remark. — Foreign nouns, and nouns that have not been long used in our 
language (ending in o), form their plural by adding s. 

NOUNS ENDING IN F OR FE. — Nouns ending in f or fe, ex- 
cept those given below, form their plural by adding s. 

Loaf, shelf, thief leaf, sheaf, calf, half, beef, elf, wolf, self and (some- 
times) wharf, form the plural by changing f to v and adding es. 

Knife, wife, and life, form the plural by changing f to v and adding s. 

Letters, Signs, and Figures,— Letters, signs, and figures 

form their plural by adding the apostrophe and s. 



EXAMPLES. 



1. Dot your i's and cross your t's. 

2. Your 9's and +'s are neatly made. 



PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



SPECIAL CASES. 

1. Some nouns do not form their plural according to 
any rule ; as, — 

Man, men; foot, feet; ox, oxen; mouse, mice. 

2. Some nouns have no plural; as, — 

Gold, silver, rye, clay, vinegar. 

3. Some nouns have no singular; as, — 

Annals, ashes, clothes, riches. 

4. Some nouns have the same form in both numbers; 
that is, whether singular or plural in meaning ; as, — 

Sheep, deer, szuine, .'pedes, series. 

5. Nouns are sometimes plural in meaning, although 
singular in form ; as, — 

Fish, yoke, pair, dozen, cannon. 

6. Some nouns have two plurals with different mean- 
ings ; as, — 

Penny, pence or pennies; brother, brothers or brethren. 

7. Most compound words form their plurals by chang- 
ing only that part which is described by the rest ; as, — 

Cherry-tree, cherry-trees ; brother-in-law, brothers-in-law; saw-tooth, saw- 
teeth; hanger on, hangers-on; pail- fid, pail-fuls ; court-martial, courts-martial. 

8. In some compound words the two nouns are so 
nearly equal in importance that both are changed in form- 
ing the plural ; as, — 

Man-servant, men-servants ; woman servant, -women-servants; knight-tem- 
plar, knights- templars. 

9. When a name and a title are united to form a 
proper noun, the one which is meant to convey the leading 
thought is the one to be changed in forming the plural. 

EXAMPLES. 

Dr. Hoyt; the two Dr. Hoyts, or the Doctors J. and L. P. Hoyt. 
Miss Latham; the two Miss Lathams, or the Misses Ellen and fane Latham. 
Ms. Chat.ertou: the Mrs. Chattertons. 
Miss Brown; the Misses Brown, and sometimes, the Miss Browns. 



PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



10. The following nouns ending in o after a conso- 
nant, on account of their foreign origin, commonly have 
their plural made by the addition of s only : — 

Albino, fresco, memento, proviso, canto, halo, octavo, quarto, duodecimo, 
lasso, piano, sirocco, solo, stilletto, tyro, zero. 

11. Foreign nouns sometimes retain their foreign plu- 
rals ; as, — 

Antitliesis, antitheses, analysis, analyses, fungus, fungi ; bandit, banditti : 
genus, genera: terminus, termini, proboscis, proboscides. 

Note. — For more complete instruction in number, see " Natural Method in English," 
pages 12-25. 



•-- 



•:*> -pronouns.- ->;:• 



A pronoun is a word that takes the place of a noun. 

In the first example below, the pronouns he, his, and him take the place 
of the noun David. If they were not used, the noun would have to be re- 
peated five times. In the second example, I takes the place of the speaker's 
name : and you stands for the name of the person addressed. 

EXAMPLES 

1. David was a great king ; he subdued all his enemies ; his fame was 
spread abroad ; nations feared him, and kings bowed to him. 

2. 7" believe that you are sincere. 

PERSON. — Nouns and Pronouns that represent the speaker 
are said to be in the first person ; those that represent the 
person spoken to, are in the second person ; and those that 
represent a person or tiling- spoken of, are in the third 
person. 

Nouns have no way of showing their person, except by 
their place in the sentence. 

The pronouns of the first person are /, my or mine, 
and me, in the singular number ; and we, our or ours, and 
us, in the plural. 

The pronouns of the second person are you, and your 
or yours. ' They are alike in both numbers. 

The pronouns of the third person are he, she, it, his, 
her or hers, and him, in the singular number ; and they, 
their or theirs, and them, in the plural. 



■=£3- 



PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



Who, whose, whom, and that may be in any person, and 
in either number. Which and what should always be 
used in the third person, and may be either singular or 
plural. 

GENDER. — Nouns or pronouns that represent males are in 
the Masculine Gender ; those that represent females are 
in the Feminine Gender, and those that represent objects 
that have so no sex are in the Neuter Gender. 

The pronouns of the first and second persons are ap- 
plied to both sexes alike ; while those of the third person 
plural number, apply to both persons and things, without 
regard to sex. Of the pronouns of the third person, sin- 
gular number, he is masculine, she is feminine, and it is 
neuter. 

LAWS OF AGREEMENT. 



i. Since a pronoun takes the place of a noun, it repre- 
sents the same person or thing that the noun does, and so 
must be of the same person, number, and gender, as the 
noun for which it stands. 

CORRECT USE. 

1. The stars of heaven shine in their beauty. 

2. If any one of the passengers has not paid his fare, let "him call at the 
captain's office. 

3. Every true teacher knows his own faults. 

INCORRECT USE. 

1. She acts like one who has lost their reason. 

2. A person can content themselves on small means. 

3. The tree-tops faintly rustle its leaves. 

4. If any member of the congregation wishes to speak with me, they will 
please come forward. 

2. When a pronoun represents two or more singular 
nouns, it must be in the plural number if the nouns are 
taken together ; as, — 

Jane ami Martha will not go ; for they were not invited. 

But if the nouns are to be regarded separately, the pro- 
noun must be in the singular number ; as, — 

Every brook and river shall be turned out of its place. 



10 



PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



CORRECT USE. 

1. The -waves and the wind their work have done. 

2. Every plant and flower teaches its own lesson. 

3. If you see an error or a fault in my conduct, remind me of it. 

INCORRECT USE. 

1. Both John and James learned his lesson. 

2. The oak and elm cast its refreshing shade. 

3. Every flower in the meadows, and every leaf on the tree-tops, turned 
their bright faces to the sun. 

Forms (or Cases) of the Pronoun — Most pronouns have 

three forms in each number, — the Subjective {Nominative) 
Form, the Possessive, and the Objective. 

The forms of those pronouns which are most commonly 
used, are given below. 

Subjective Form. Possessive Form. Objective Form. 

I, my or mine, me. 

We, 



our or ours, 



her or hers, 

its, 

their or theirs, 



He, 
She, 
It, 
They, 

Who, whose, 

The noun has but two forms 
possessive. 

Subjective Form. 
Man, 
Men, 

Woman, 
Women, 

Lady, 
Ladies, 

Nancy' 



him. 

her. 

it. 

then 



the subjective and the 



Possessive Form. 


Objt 


dive Form 


man's, 




man. 


men's, 




men. 


woman's, 




woman. 


women's, 




women. 


lady's, 




lady. 


ladies', 




ladies. 



Nancy. 



Nancy, 

The Possessive Sign.— The possessive form of the noun, 

as may be seen from the table above, is made from the 
Subjective by adding what is called the Possessive Sign. 
This sign is the apostrophe and s ('s); or, in some cases, 
the apostrophe alone. The apostrophe alone is added to 
all plural nouns that end in the letter s. All singular 
nouns, and all plural nouns that do not end in s, take 
both the apostrophe and s, as the possessive sign. 



-* 



PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



11 



USES OF THESE FORMS. 

THE SUBJECTIVE FORM.— The Subjective Form (Nominative 
Case) should be used, — 

i. As the subject of a sentence or clause ; as, — 

Henry writes well. He improves. I fell. She sings. They love music. 
Who believes it ? We were lost, but they found their way to a settlement. 

2. In the predicate after some form of the verb " To 
be " ; such as, is, am, are, was, were, shall be, may be, have 
been, or had been ; as, — 

It is I. Was it he, or was it his brother? Did you think it was she? 
It was they, and not we, who were in fault. If it had been he, I should not 
have escaped. 

THE POSSESSIVE FORM — The Possessive Form should be 
used to denote possession or oivncrship, authorship, origin, 
kindred, etc. ; as, — 

John's kite. Joseph's horse. Milton's poems. The sun's rays. 
Mary's uncle. Your song. My faults. 

The Objective Form — The objective Form should be 

used, — 

1. As the object of a transitive verb ox participle ; as, — 

I see him. They fear us. Leaving us on the beach, he plunged into the 
forest. The teacher reproved Frank and me. 

2. As the object of a preposition ; as, — 

Come to me. He died for us. The blame rests on them. He works 
with John and me. 

3. As the subject of an infinitive that comes after a 
transitive verb or a preposition ; as, — 

I knew him to be honest. They waited for me to come. The captain or- 
dered us to fire. It was hard for them to go. 



4. After an infinitive that is used like tl 
I knew it to be him. 



:ise ;movc ; as,- 



INCOKRECT USE. 

1. Mother thought it was him ; but it was May and me who did it. 

2. She called Ruth or I, but it was him who answered. 

3. They asked my sister and I to come early. 

4. They supposed it to be Nathan ami I, but found it to be the mission- 
ary, and he who sails with him. 



-4F 



12 



PR A C Tl CA L G RA MM A R . 



\ >: ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS. 

«"•- i. ■■ * : -> - "'" 

^ --<re^v^:--' - * 

COMPARISON. 

When two things are to be compared with respect to a 
quality, the adjective which denotes that quality has the 
syllable er added to it ; or, if it is a long word, it may have 
more or less placed before it. 

EXAMPLES. 

1. The Himalayas are higher than the Andes. 

2. He was more honorable than his enemies. He was less venturesome 
than his companions. 

The adverb has the same changes when it is used in 
comparing two actions ; as, — 

Ellen writes better than her sister. He advances more rapidly than his 
classmates. He forgot less rapidly than he forgave. 

FORM OF THE ADVERB.— Many adverbs arc derived from 
qualifying adjectives, and are formed by adding ly to the 
adjective ; as, — 

Bad, badly; wise, wisely; stout, stoutly. 

Some adverbs, however, are spelled the same as their 
kindred adjectives ; as, — 
Fast, well, right, low. 
Some are used in both forms ; as, — 

Hard or hardly, quick or quickly, high or highly, loud or loudly. 

Adverb Never in Predicate.— The Adjective and not the 

Adverb should be used in the predicate. 

EXAMPLES, 
i. The rose smells sweet, not sweetly. 

2. I feel sad, not sadly. 

3. The world looks old and grim. 

4. The leaves turn brown in autumn. 

5. At once his eye grew wild. 

Remark. — The adjective in the predicate generally comes after some form 
of the verb " To be " ; but sometimes, as in the examples above, it follows a 
verb that expresses action. In such cases, the adjective denotes some quality 
o( the subject that is acquired or discovered through the action denoted by the 
verb, or it denotes some condition of the subject that is closely associated with 
the action or state denoted by the verb. 



PRACTICAL GRAMMAR 



13 



VERBS. W* 



jpp- 



A verb affirms, or predicates, something of the subject. 
TENSES OF THE VERB. 

The Present Tense of a verb denotes present time, the 
Past Tense denotes past time, and the Future Tense de- 
notes future time ; as, — 

Present, I go. Past, I went. Future, I shall go. 

The Perfect Tenses represent an action as being in a 
completed state. 

The Present Perfect Tense represents action as com- 
pleted at the time of speaking ; as, — 

I have -written. 

The Past Perfect Tense represents an action as com- 
pleted, finished, in the past ; as, — 

I had written. 

The Future Perfect Tense predicts that an action will 
be completed in the future ; as, — 

I shall have written. 

PRINCIPAL PARTS. — In some of the tenses, as seen above, 
the verb consists of a single word, while in others it consists 
of two or three words. 

Now in making up these tenses there are certain indis- 
pensible forms of the verb, called its Principal Parts. 
These are the present tense, the past tense, and what is 
called the past participle. 

The Past Participle — The Past Participle is used to show- 
that something is finished, — that an action is completed, or 
that some existence or state has come to an end. It is never 
used alone as a predicate, but is placed after have in form 
ing the perfect tenses, and after /taring or having been in 
forming the perfect participles. 

REGULAR VERBS.— Regular Verbs have their past tense 
and past participle just alike ; for these parts are both 
formed by adding ed to the present tense. 



14 



PR A C TI CAR G R A MM A R 



The past tense and the past participle of an Irregular 
Verb are generally different, and hence it is necessary to 
be careful to use each in its proper place. 

Note. — The past tense and the past participle must be determined from 
the table of irregular verbs. 



LAWS FOR TENSE FORMS. 

i. The Past Participle should never be used alone as a 
predicate. 



CORRECT USE. 

Thou hast brought comfort to our dwelling. 
The young birds have flown away. 
She has written her composition. 

INCORRECT USE. 

I seen her when she come into the room. 
He run all the way to school yesterday. 
We come across the ocean last year. 
He done his work well. 
He eat his dinner too fast. 



2. The Past Participle, and not the past tense, should 
be used after had, have, has, or having. 

CORRECT USE. 

1. She had lain since noontide in a breathless silence. 

2. I have broken my pencil. 

3. I have seen him to-day. 

4. The summer corn has waved over those fields. 

INCORRECT USE. 

The wind had blew all day. 

I have broke my pencil. 

We have saw that man before. 

4. We have ran all the way. 

5. They have flew away. 

6. He had took refuge in a cave. 

7. He will have wrote the letter before James will have went. 

Progressive and Passive Forms.— Besides the common form 

of tenses, already described, there are two other forms; 
the Progressive and the Passive. 

The Progressive Form represents an action as progress- 
ing, or continuing at the time referred to ; the Passive 
Form represents an action as being received by the subject. 



PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



15 



The progressive form is made by annexing the Pres- 
ent Active Participle — the participle that ends in ing — to 
the different tenses of the verb "To be"; and the passive 
form is made in the same way, except that the Passive 
Participle is added instead of the present active. 

Ex. — Helen was writing- the letter. The letter was written by Helen. 

PERSON AND NUMBER OF THE VERB. 

When the subject of a verb is in the third person, sin- 
gular number, it generally requires s to be added to the 
verb in the present tense ; as, — 

I row. We row. You row. They row. He rowS. She rowS. 
It rowS. 

In the Present Perfect Tense, HAVE is changed to HAS, 
when the subject is in the third person, singular number. 

Ex. — I have spoken. She has spoken. 

In the other tenses, the verb does not change its form 
on account of the person and number of its subject. 

The verb "To be," however, requires some other changes, 
as may be seen from the examples below. 

PRESENT TENSE. 



Sing. Num. 




Plural Num 


ist Person, I am, 




We are, 


2d " You are 




You are, 


3d " He is, 




They are. 


PAST 


TENSE. 




ist Person, I was, 




We were, 


2d " You were. 




You were, 



He was, 



Thev 



When may, can, must, might, could, would, should, shall or 
will, constitute a part of the verb, the verb docs not change 
its form for the person and number of its subject. 

In the Possessive and Passive Forms the change is 
made in the verb " To be," and is the same that is required 
when that verb is used alone. 



INCORRE 

1. Lincoln and Garfield holds a 

2. The settlements in the mount 

3. The soldiers of the 7th Ohio 



ligh place in the country's esteem, 
n district has been attacked. 
igiment was paid off. 















1 




16 




Pi 


A CTJCAL GRAMMA"R 








.^?S^___ _ 






^_-»£g^^. 






I LIST 


OF 


IRREGULAR 


VERBS. 






"^5B*~ 






-^S^pSP*— 


~ "♦.-_.-."- •" 






When more 


forms than one are given for the past tense 






or past participl 


e, that which stands first 


is to be preferred. 






Present 7 


•nse. 




Past Tense. 


Past Participle. 






Abide 






abode 


abode 






Am or be 






was 


been 






Awake 






awoke, awaked 


awaked 






\ Bear (to bring 


forth) 


bore 


born 






j Hear (to s 


istain) 


bore 


borne 






Beat 






beat 


beaten, beat 






Begin 






began 


begun 






Bend, itii- 






bent, bended 


bent 






Bereave 






bereft, bereaved 


bereft, bereaved 






Beseech 






besought 


besought 






Bet 






bet, betted 


bet, betted 






Bid 






bid, bade 


bidden, bid 






Bind, un-, 


re- 




bound 


bound 






Bite 






bit 


bitten, bit 






Bleed 






bled 


bled 






Blow 






blew 


blown 






Break 






broke 


broken 






Breed 






bred 


bred 






Bring 






brought 


brought 






Build, re-, 


up- 




built, builded 


built, builded 






Burn 






burned, burnt 


burned, burnt 






Burst 






burst 


burst 






Buy 






bought 


bought 






Can 






could 









Cast 






cast 


cast 






Catch 






caught 


caught 






Chide 






chid 


chidden, chid 






Choose 






chose 


chosen 






J Cleave (to 


adhe 


re) 


cleaved 


cleaved 






\ Cleave (to 


split 


) 


cleft 


cleft, cleaved 






Cling 






clung 


clung 






Clothe 






clothed, clad 


clothed, clad 






Come, be- 


over- 


came 


come 






Cost 






cost 


cost 






Creep 






crept 


Crept 






Crow 






crew, crowed 


crowed 






Cut 






cut 


cut 

1 




"*-t 










fc 


— 



























^-p 












PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 


17 






Present Tense. 


Past Tense. 


Past Participle. 






Dare (to venture) 


durst, dared 


dared 






Deal 


dealt, dealed 


dealt, dealed 






Dig 


dug, digged 


dug, digged 






Do, zw-, /««•-, 0Z/<?r- 


did 


done 






Draw, with- 


drew 


drawn 






Dream 


dreamed, dreamt 


dreamed, dreamt 






Drink 


drank 


drunk, drank 






Drive 


drove 


driven 






Dwell 


dwelt, dwelled 


dwelt, dwelled 






Eat 


ate 


eaten 






Fall, be- 


fell 


fallen 






Feed 


fed 


fed 






Feel 


felt 


felt 






Fight 


fought 


fought 






Find 


found 


found 






Flee 


fled 


fled 






Fling 


flung 


flung 






Fly 


flew 


flown 






Forbear 


forbore 


forborne 






Forbid 


forbade 


forbidden 






Forsake 


forsook 


forsaken 






Freeze 


froze 


frozen 






Freight 


freighted 


fraught, freighted 






Get, be-, for- 


got 


got, gotten 






Gild 


gilded, gilt 


gilded, gilt 






Gird, be-, nn-, en- 


girded, girt 


girded, girt 






Give, for-, mis- 


gave 


given 






Go, fore-, under - 


went 


gone 






Grave, en- 


graved 


graven, graved 






Grind 


ground 


ground 






G row- 


grew 


grown 






Hang* 


hung 


hung 






Have 


had 


had 






Hear, over- 


heard 


heard 






Heave 


heaved, hove 


heaved, hoven 






Hew 


hewed 


hewn, hewed 






Hide 


hid 


hidden, hid 






Hit 


hit 


hit 






Hold, be-, with-, up- 


held 


held, holden 






Hurt 


hurt 


hurt 






Keep 


kept 


kept 






Kneel 


knelt, kneeled 


knelt, kneeled 






Knit 


knit, knitted 


knit, knitted 






Know, fore- 


knew 


known 






Lade (to load) 


laded 


laden 






Lay (to place), in- 


laid 


laid 






Lead, mis- 


led 


led 






*Hang, to 


take away life by hanging, is regi 


.a. 




♦4 








— - 























■*— 












IS 


PRACTICAL GRAMMAR 








Present Ten.e. 


Past Tense. 


Past Participle. 






Leave 


left 


left 






Lend 


lent 


lent 






Let 


let • 


let 






Lie (to recline) 


lay 


lain 






Light 

Load, mi-, over- 


lighted, lit 
loaded 


lighted, lit 
loaded, laden 






Lose 


lost 


lost 






Make 


made 


made 






May 
Mean 


might 
meant 


meant 






Meet 


met 


met 






Mow 


mowed 


mown, mowed 






Must 





; 






Ought 
Pay, re- 


paid 


paid 






Pen (to inclose) 

Put 

Quit' 


penned, pent 

put 

quit, quitted 


penned, pent 

put 

quit, quitted 









quoth 









Read 


read 


read 






Rend 


rent 


rent 






Rid 


rid 


rid 






Ride 


rode 


rode, ridden 






Ring 


rang, rung 


rung 






Rise, a- 


rose 


risen 






Rive 


rived 


riven, rived 






Run, out- 


ran 


run 






Saw 


sawed 


sawn, sawed 






Say, un-, ffain- 


said 


said 






See, fore- 


saw 


seen 






Seek 
Seethe 


sought 
seethed 


sought 
seethed, sodden 






Sell 


sold 


sold 






Send 


sent 


sent 






Set, be- 


set 


set 






Sit (to rest) 


sat 


sat 






Shake 


shook 


shaken 






Shall 


should 









Shape, mis- 
Shave 


shaped 
shaved 


shaped, shapen 
shaved, shaven 






Shear 


sheared 


shorn, sheared 






Shed 


shed 


shed 






Shine 


shone, shined 


shone, shined 






Shoe 


shod 


shod 






Shoot, over- 


shot 


shot 






Show 
Shred 


showed 
shred 


shown, showed 
shred 






Shrink 


shrunk, shrank 


shrunk, shrunken 






Shut 


shut 


shut 




•4 








+-*• 



PRACTICAL GRAMMA/: 



19 



Present Tense. 


Past Tense. 


Sing 




sang, sung 


Sink 




sunk, sank 


Slay 




slew 


Sleep 




slept 


Slide 




slid 


Sling 




slung 


Slink 




slunk 


Slit 




slit 


Smite 




smote 


Sow (to scatter) 


sowed 


Speak, 


be- 


spoke 


Speed 




sped 


Spell, 


mis- 


spelled, spelt 


Spend, 


mis- 


spent 


Spill 




spilt, spilled 


Spin 




spun 


Spit* 




spit 


Split, 




split 


Spread 


, over-, be- 


spread 


Spring 




sprang, sprung 


Stand, 


with-, under- 


stood 


Stave 




staved, stove 


Stay 




staid, stayed 


Steal 




stole 


Stick 




stuck 


Sting 




stung 


Stride, 


be- 


strode, strid 


Strike 




struck 


String 




strung 


Strive 




strove 


St row 


>r strew, be- 


strowed or stre 


Swear, 


for- 


swore 


Sweat 




sweat, sweated 


Sweep 




swept 


Swell 




swelled 


Swim 




swam 


Swing 


[re-, over- 


swung 


Take, 


nis-, under-, be-, 


took 


Teach, 


tin-, mis- 


taught 


Tear 




tore 


Tell, / 


vre- 


told 


Think, 


be- 


thought 


Thrive 




throve, thrived 


Throw, 


over 


threw 


Thrust 




thrust 


Tread, 


re 


trod 



Past Participle. 

sung 

sunk 

slain 

slept 

slidden, slid 

slung 

slunk 

slit, slitted 

smitten 

sown, sowed 

spoken 

sped 

spelled, spelt 

spent 

spilt, spilled 

spun 

spit 

split 

spread 

sprung 

stood 

staved, stove 

staid, stayed 

stolen 

stuck 

stung 

stridden, strid 

struck, stricken 

strung 

striven 

strown, 

strewn, 

sworn 

sweat, sweated 

swept 

swollen, swelled 

swum 

swung 

taken 

taught 

torn 

told 

thought 

tin 

thrown 

thrust 

trodden, 



strowed 
strewed 



thrived 



trod 



*Spit, to put on ;i ;pit, is rcgula 



20 



PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 




Past Tense. 
waxed 
wore 
wove 

wept 

wet, wetted 

whetted, whet 

would 

won 

wound 

worked, 

wist 

wrung 

wrote 



ought 



Past Participle. 

waxed, waxen 

worn 

woven 

wept 

wet, wetted 

whetted, whet 

won 

wound 

worked, wrought 

wrung 
written 



CONJUNCTIONS. 




Conjunctions are said to join the parts of language ; 
but they do this by showing certain relations between the 
parts. 

COORDINATE TERMS. 

(a) The words and, or, nor, but, and yet, must be used to 
join words, phrases, or clauses that are of equal rank, and 
alike related to some other word. Any one of these con- 
junctions may join, — 

i. Two or more subjects of the same verb. 

2. Two or more verbs that have one and the same subject. 

3. Two or more objects of the same verb, or of the same preposition. 

4. Two or more adjectives, adjective phrases, or adjective clause^, that 
limit the same word. 

5. Two or more adverbial elements of the same kind, when they limit 
the same word. 

6. Two or more principal clauses in the same sentence. 

7. Two sentences or paragraphs, when the second 
theme treated of in the first. 



ontinuation of the 



TERMS NOT TO BE COORDINATELY JOINED. 

[b) These words should not be used to join elements of 
different rank ; such as principal clauses and limiting clauses, 
predicate verbs and participles or infinitives, etc. 



— E? 



PR A CT/CAL CRA MAT A R . 



2 1 



They should not join elements of different character ; 
such as adverbs and adjectives, objects and adverbs, parti- 
ciples and adverbs, limiting adjectives and qualifying ad- 
jectives. 

They may, however, join an adjective word and an ad- 
jective phrase, an adverb and an adverbial phrase, or a qual- 
ifying adjective and a participle ; for these are alike in char- 
acter, though not in form. 

SPECIAL SIGNIFICATION. 

Although the conjunctions above noticed are alike in 
showing equality of rank, and similarity in character and 
relation, they each have a special signification, and should 
not be used carelessly. 

And should be used when we would show that the coordinate parts are 
to be taken together; 

Or, — when we would show that they are to be taken separately ; 

Nor, — when we wish to avoid the repetition of a negative word (nor is 
equivalent to and not) ; 

But, — when we would show that what is to follow is opposed to what has 
gone before ; 

Yet, — when we would show that what is to follow is something that would 
be unexpected from what has gone before. 



_^.'-f.'S->-'. '."■'..'::"■. | . ! ■ - S v-^_ 



H GENERAL HINTS AND CAUTIONS. M 



COLLECTIVE NOUNS A Collective Noun is one that names 

a collection of objects. 

{a) The verb or the pronoun which follows a Collective 
Noun should be in the plural number, whenever the objects 
which make up the collection are to be considered sepa- 
rately ; as, — 

The committee were not agreed among themselves. 

(b) The verb or the pronoun which follows a Collect- 
ive Noun should be in the singular number, whenever the 
entire collection is to be considered as a unit; as, — 

A committee was appointed, but no report has been received from it. 



22 



PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



Masculine Pronoun Preferred — a noun that does not 

distinguish sex should be represented by a pronoun in the 
masculine gender. 

Ex. — Every teacher has need to care for his health. 

Remark. — To say that Neither James nor Helen have learned their lesson, 
would be incorrect ; for have is plural, and has two subjects in the third, sin- 
gular, taken separately. To say that Neither James nor Helen has learned 
their lesson, would be right if they both had the same lesson ; otherwise it would 
be wrong. " A'eit her James nor Helen has learned his or her lesion," 1 would be 
both incorrect and inelegant. If their lessons are different, it would be better 
to make two clauses, and say, " James has not learned his lesson, neither has 
Helen learned Aers." 

Position of the Relative Pronoun.— The Relative Pro- 
noun should generally be placed immediately after its ante- 
cedent ; but when which is used as the object of. a prep-, 
osition, it is better to place the preposition before the pro- 
noun ; as, — 

"The place to which we had come," instead of " The place which we had 
come to." 

Ambiguous Use of the Pronoun Be careful not to use 

the pronoun in such a way as to leave a doubt as to what 
noun it is meant to represent. 

Ex. — "The lad cannot leave his father: for if he should leave his father, 
his father would die;"' not, "If he should leave his father, he would die." 

ARRANGEMENT OF PRONOUNS In arranging nouns or pro- 
nouns of different persons, a pronoun of the second person 
should be placed before one of the first or third ; as, — 

You, and he, and /. 

Application to Persons and Things.— The pronoun who 

should be used with reference to persons and superior beings 
only. Which and what should never be used to represent 
persons. That may represent either persons or things. 

Pronouns do not Take the Possessive Sign.— Never use the 

apostrophe with such pronouns as yours, ours, etc. 

Object of Preposition not to be Mistaken for Subject — 

Be careful not to mistake the object of a preposition for the 
subject of a verb that immediately follows it. 

Ex. — "The captain with all his officers -was invited," not "were in- 
vited." 



PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



23 



THE VERBS SIT, LIE, ETC— The verbs sit, lie, and rise, are 
intransitive in all their tenses, and should not be used when 
an object is required ; while set, lay, and raise are transi- 
tive, and should not be used without an object. 

Each Other, One Another The expression each other 

should be used with reference to tzvo things only ; one an- 
other with reference to more than tzvo. 

Double Superlatives Avoid the use of double super- 
latives ; Say — 

" That was the unkindest cut of all;" not, " the most unkindest cut.'' 

COMPLEX NAMES. — (a) When a complex or a compound 
name is put in the possessive case, the possessive sign is 
added to the last word of the group ; as, — 

Edward Everett's best oration ; The Duke of Normandy's castle. 

{b) When the terms of a series indicate common pos- 
session, the possessive sign is annexed to the last term 
only ; as, — 

Gilbert, Hendrick, and Richardson's Furnishing House. 

Plural Possessive.— Do not give a noun the plural form, 

simply because it is immediately preceded by a plural pos- 
sessive. Say — 

"They gave their verdict," not "verdicts." "We should all stand 
by our post of duty", not "posts." 

TWO NEGATIVES. — Do not use two negative words in one 
clause, unless an affirmative meaning is intended. 

" N"e"3r bear malice to no m -n" means bear malice to some man." 
" Bear no malice to any man" gives the probable meaning. 




%&Am^ 



24 



PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



<^OPSIS OF T^" 
- ' i ' 'ill 



» 



"=o=~ &. 

SUBSTANTIVES. jfe=N* 

^5- # 



A substantive is, — 

1. A noun ; or a letter, sign, or figure, used to represent its own name. 

2. A word, phrase, or clause, used in the office of a noun. 



PRONOUNS. 

Pronouns take the place of nouns, 
by alluding to persons or things pre- 
viously named, to the speaker, or to 
one or more persons spoken to. 

A personal pronoun shows its 
person by its form. 

A relative pronoun shows the re- 
lation of its clause to the word rep- 
resented by the pronoun. 

An interrogative pronoun is used 
in asking a question. 



NOUNS. 

Names, of every kind, are called 
nouns. 

A common noun names any one 
of a class. 

A proper noun distinguishes some 
particular individual of a class. 

A collective noun names a col-. 
lection of objects. 

An abstract noun names a qual- 
ity. 

A verbal noun is a participle or 
an infinitive used to name action, 
being, or slate. 

A substantive is said to be in the first person, when it represents 
the speaker; in the second person, when it represents the person spoken 
to ; in the third person, when it represents a person or thing spoken of; — 

Tn the singular number, when it means but one ; and in the plural 
number, when it means more than one ; — 

In the masculine gender, when it denotes a male ; in the feminine 
gender, when it denotes a female; and in the neuter gender, when it 
denotes an object that has no sex. 

A pronoun must agree with its antecedent in person, number, and 
gender. 



PR A C TrCA L G R A MM A R . 



25 



A collective noun, as antecedent, must be represented by a pronoun 
in the singular number, when the entire collection is taken together as a 
unit; but when reference is had to the individuals that make up the col- 
lection, the pronoun must be in the plural number. 

When a pronoun represents two or more antecedents taken con- 
jointly, it must agree with Hiem in the plural number; but when its antece- 
dents are taken separately, the pronoun must agree with the one next to it. 



A noun or a pronoun should be put — 

In the nominative case, — 

When it is the subject of a sentence or clause. 
When used in predicate with the copula. 
When in apposition with any word in the nominative case. 
When independent by address ; by exclamation ; with a participle or 
an adjective ; or by pleonasm. 

When used after a copulative verb as an attribute of the subject. 
When used after the participle of the copula in a verbal noun. 



In the possessive case, — 
authorship 



origin ; fitness ; time, 



To denote ownership ; kindred 
weight, measure ; etc. 

When in apposition with any word in the possessive case. 

When subject of an abridged clause, and followed by the participle 
of the copula. 

In the objective case, — 

When it is object of a verb or a participle. 

When object of a preposition. 

When in apposition with any word in the objective case. 

When it is subject of an infinitive in an abridged clause that is object 
of a verb or a preposition. 

When it is attribute of an object after a copulative veib. 

When it is used after a passive copulative verb Avhose indirect object 
is made its subject. 



#r VERBS. ^4 



A true verb denotes action, being, or state, and predicates it. 

A regular verb forms its past tense and past participle by adding ed 
to its present indicative ; while an irregular verb forms its past tense and 
past participle in some other way. Redundant verbs have both a regu- 
lar and an irregular form. Defective verbs lack some of the principal 
parts, and so cannot be used in all the tenses. 

A transitive verb represents an action as being received by something. 
The active voice represents the subject as acting ; t lie passive voice rep- 
resents the subject as being acted upon. 



26 



PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



An intransitive verb does not represent its action as being received 
by anything. It sometimes predicates existence or state. 

The copula predicates the existence of some quality or state denoted 
by an adjective or a noun that follows it. 

A copulative verb predicates not only the act, being, or state denoted 
by itself, but it also does the work of a copula in predicating the action, 
quality, or state denoted by some other word. 

MODES AND TENSES. 

Mode is the manner in which the verb predicates. 

The indicative mode represents the act, being, or state as actually 
existing or occurring. 

The potential mode predicates the power, necessity, duty, etc., of its 
subject to act, to exist, or to be in a certain state. 

The imperative mode commands, exhorts, or entreats. 

The infinitive mode (so called) has no power to predicate, and con- 
sequently has no person and number. 

The subjunctive mode is used to express what is doubtful, contin- 
gent, or merely supposed. 

Tenses relate to time, or to time and state. 

The indicative mode has six tenses; the potential, four; the impera- 
tive, one ; and the infinitive and subjunctive, each two. 

The simple-tenses — past, present, future — are used to denote the 
time indicated by their respective names. , 

The perfect tenses, as their names denote, represent action as com- 
pleted,— the present perfect, at the time of speaking; the past perfect, at 
some point of time in the past ; and the future perfect, at some point of 
time in the future. 

PERSON AND NUMBER. 



The person and number of a verb is the inflection [change of form] 
required by the person and number of its subject. 

When the subject of a verb is a collective noun in the singular num- 
ber, the verb must b? in tlie plural number if the individuals composing 
the collection are regarded separately ; but if the whole collection is taken 
as a unit, the verb must be in the singular number. 

Whenever a verb has two or more subjects taken together, it must 
be in the plural number ; but if the subjects are taken separately, the verb 
must agree with the one next to it. 



PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 



27 



^PARTICIPLES^ 

/•••l^ — » — not — « — l^Jsk 



Participles assume action, being, or state, but have no power to pred- 
icate. They are sometimes classed among verbs, because they are derived 
from verbs, and retain much of the nature of the verb. In their use, how- 
ever, they are like adjectives, being employed to limit nouns and pronouns. 

"When a participle is used to name an act, being, or state, it is called 
a participial noun. 

A present participle represents its action as present at the time de- 
noted by the predicate of its clause. 

A past participle represents its action as past at the time denoted 
by the predicate of its clause. 

A perfect participle represents its action as completed at the time 
denoted by the predicate of its clause. 

The present participle has two forms, — the active and the passive. 
The past participle sometimes has an active meaning and sometimes a pas- 
sive, but its form w always the same as that of the present passive. 

The perfect praticiple has three forms, — the common, the progress- 
ive, and the passive. Each of these forms assumes just what a perfect 
tense of that form would predicate. 

The infinitive is like the participle in being derived from a verb 
without having the power of predication ; but differs from it in its form 
and in some of its uses. 



HOW FORMED, AND HOW USED. 

The Present Active Participle is formed by adding ing to the present 
infinitive without to. It is used to denote progressive action, and forms 
the basis of all the tens s of the Progressive Form, and the basis of the 
Perfect Progressive Participle. 

The Present Passive and the Past Participle are alike in form. 
For regular verbs, tiny are the same as the past tense; for irregular verbs, 
the}' must be found in the table. 

The Passive Participle forms the basis of all tenses in the Passive 
Voice, and is the basis of the Perfect Passive Participle. The Past Parti- 
ciple forms the basis of all the perfect tenses of the Common Form, and 
is the basis of the Perfect Active Participle. 

The Perfect Participle in the Common Form, is the past participle 
with "having" before if as auxiliary; in the Possessive Form, it is the 
present active participle with "having been" as auxiliary; in the Passive 
Form it is the passive participle preceded by "having been." 













1 no 

23 P R A c r 1CA L a R AM m ar. 






% S" \l/ © . 






— ^£» MODIFIERS. *&^ 






^">— &m£~-""~ -r^ 






Modifiers are words used to introduce some circumstance of qual- 






ity, condition, time, place, manner, purpose, or cause, or in some other 






way to restrict or extend the application of words. 






ADJECTIVES. 


ADVERBS. 






A qualifying adjective is added 


An adverb is added to a verb, a 






to a noun or a pronoun to assume 


participle, an adjective, or an abverb, 






quality or condition. 


to tell when, where, h<>n\ why, how 






A limiting adjective is added to 


long, how fur, or how much. 






a noun or a pronoun to restrict its 


A relative adverb, like a relative 






application in some other way than 


pronoun, shows the relation of its 






by denoting quality, condition, or 


clause to the word which the clause 






kind. 


limits. 






The so-called pronominal adjec- 


A conjunctive adverb is one that 






t'.ves are used to limit a noun un- 


has, to some degree, the nature of a 






derstood, and are supposed to repre- 


conjunction. 






sent that noun. 


Interrogative adverbs are used 






Interrogative adjectives are used 


in asking questions. 






in asking questions. 


A modal adverb modifies the man 
ner of assertion, and not the action 
of the predicate 






Both adjectives and adverbs have a comparative and a superlative 






form for the purpose of denoting comparison. 






_ QQ __ 






-S| RELATION WORDS. jf§* 






C^w 






PREPOSITIONS. 


CONJUNCTIONS. 






A preposition introduces a phrase, 


A coordinate conjunction is put 






and shows the relation between the 


between coordinate elements to show 






word which the phrase limits and 


that they are equal in rank, and if 






the substantive which forms the es- 


they are dependent, that they are 






sential element of the phrase. 


alike related to the word which they 






The relative pronoun and the rel- 


limit. 






ative abverb are both relation words, 


A subordinate conjunction intro- 






but have already been defined. 


duces a clause, shows it to be sub- 






The copula, also, is a relation word, 


ordinate in rank, and generally in- 






showing the relation between the sub- 


dicates its use. 






ject and whatever is predicated of it. 








EMOTIONAL WORDS. 






Interjections are words used expressly to denote emotion. 










— 



— 



PUNCTUA TION. 



29 



SPECIMEN LETTER, 

Illustrating Correct Form and Proper Punctuation. Rules on p. 6g. 



l/fd ^iee^ ©f&K&ptm, 



tyfty */cetl S^tfifei<;- 



leme So, </&<?■/. 



■7 



©vcce/1/3 mp tnod/j deaifu Mein/d Zoi woM 
Mtm/Se/fa, <me/^oi //in p-enMewd dee/i/tWD 0/ meant w/e'c/i ' S/j 
ehctod<$. €j* <wad <en tz-o <n*-ea / #/ wi-oneu, Zoi €$ d/e'// aave 
yeee'/e a deem Zc/Z) Zom inZaZ) you Sadf d-enZ) me. 

©J /de'ze yotei Zc/Zl modZ) -oi atY Zoi Me a-oete/ ■coeeme/ eZ> 
eon/aend, and" Zoi <e'/d fiZee/acd 0/ -conZeZen-ce -cm mu dencrie'/u. 
& /ieedZ) wo eel pood ' woidd lueZ/wof <6e ZidZ) -ee/tOM me, -eZs. 
@* mn, ad -e*itei, 

Z/oeei aZZecZe'ona/e do<n, 

%&m % ^adwe// 
Qto. ^eonaiZ^^ad^e^ 

'WZe'naZ IQie-e/fy 



SUPERSCRIPTION. 





STAMP. 


©/but 






®WM- Coi|tei)ts of 'Part ¥wo. fc^ 



MARKS TO BE USED AT THE CLOSE OF A SENTENCE, Rules 1-13 - 32 
PUNCTUATION OF SIMPLE SENTENCES. 

Principal Elements. J Sub J ect ' Rules *4-i9- - 34 

I Predicate, Rules 20, 21. - - - 34 

Compound Elements. J Couplet, Rules 22-36. - 36 

( Series, Rules 37-55. 38 

f Adjective Words and Phrases, Rule 56. 41 

I Adjectival Phrases, Rule 57. - - - 41 

Adjectia'e Elements. -{ Participial Phrases, Rule 58. - - 42 

j (Phrases Absolute,) Rules 59-65. - - 43 

I Appositional Words and Phrases, R. 66-75. 43 

Adverbial Words and Phrases, Rules 76-83. - - - - 46 

Parenthetical Expressions, Rule 84. - - - - - - - 47 

Inverted Expressions, Rules 85-94. - - - - - - 48 

Final Phrases, Rules 95-101. -------- r 

Important Divisions, Rule 102. - - - - - - - c] 

PUNCTUATION PECULIAR TO COMPLEX SENTENCES. 

Adjective Clauses, Rules 103-107. - - - - - -52 

Adverbial Clauses, Rules 10S-115. " " " " - 54 

Correlative Clauses, Rules 1 16-123. ------- C| 

Parenthetical Clauses, Rules 124-140. ------ 57 

Quoted Expressions, Rules 141 -149. - 61 

PUNCTUATION PECULIAR TO COMPOUND SENTENCES. 

Coordinate Clauses, Rules 150-160. - - - - - 6} 

Supplementary Clauses, Rules 161-163. " - - - • - - 64 

Important Divisions, Rules 164, 165. --.... fit 

INDEPENDENT EXPRESSIONS, Rules 166-171. - - - - 68 

UNCLASSIFIED CASES, Rules 172-184. ...... ?0 



PUNCTUA TION 



31 




iPciyl Sure 




mmmmmmm 




mtm N THE following treatise, the different constructions in 
|Jm|$ language are made the basis of classification. Instead 
^Hi of being at once taught all the uses of the comma, or 
A Jk of any other mark, we are told how to fully punctu- 
al'' ate such constructions as the Series, the Participial 
Phrase, the Adjective Plirasc, etc. The contents on 
the opposite page gives a synopsis of the plan of arrange- 
ment, and also serves as an index.* 

The entire subject is considered under six heads : — 

1. Marks to be used at the Close of a Sentence. 

2. Punctuation of Simple Sentences. 

3. Punctuation peculiar to Complex Sentences. 

4. Punctuation peculiar to Compound Sentences. 

5. Punctuation of Independent Expressions. 

6. Unclassified Cases. 



*How to find the Rule for Punctuating' a Passage.— If the passage you want 
to punctuate is a Couplet, you will look under Simple Sentences, and Compound Elements, in 
the diagram. There you will find the Couplet, and the page where you are to look for the 
rules relating to such a construction. Having found the page, you read the rules, one after an- 
other, till you find the one that fits the case you have in hand. If you want to learn whether 
any mark should be placed after a Series, find the page where the rules for the Series begin, 
and you will see that the first g oup of rules are given to tell heno the terms of a series ore to 
be separated, the second to tell what marks should precede the series, and the third to tell 
what marks should follow it. Here you will find your rule. 

If your passage is an Adjective Clause, it will come under Complex Sentences, and will 
be easily found. If you want to know what mark to use in separating Coordinate Clauses, 
look under Compound Sentences, etc. 

If you do not understand grammar well enough to distinguish the clauses, phrases, etc.. that 
make up a sentence, you must carefully read he instruction at the head of each division, and also 
the examples, comparing them with the rules they are meant to illustrate. Persevering practice of 
this kind will soon give you a success that will be gratifying indeed. 



•-EJ 



32 



PUN ST U A T/O.V. 



t- 






f 



^.^\/Zj 



' ■ 



F^. 



^-^1 . 



My\R^.S TO BE USED y\T THE 

■3|c(giiOSB op a Sentence,* 



f 



fe 



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7~^ 



"P^ 



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^'OME sentences are used to make statements, some to 
J^3 express commands, some to ask questions, and others 
Y s to express emotional thought. These different uses re- 
j quire different marks at the close. 

Is 

A sentence is said to be — 

Declarative, when . it makes a direct statement ; 

Imperative, when it expresses a command, an ex- 
hortation, or a petition ; 

Interrogative, when it asks a question ; and 

Exclamatory, when it indicates that emotion accom- 
panies the thought expressed by it. 

RULES. 

A sentence should be followed by a Period, — 

1. When it is declarative ; 

2. When it is imperative. 

By an Interrogation Point, — 

3. When it is interrogative, and used to ask a question to which 

an answer is expected. 

4. When interrogative in form, but declarative in meaning.* 

5. When declarative in form, but interrogative in meaning. 

6. When the sentence consists of parts that may be separately re- 

garded as distinct questions, the interrogation point should be 
inserted after each of these parts as well as at the close of the 
sentence. 

7. When the sentencs consists of parts that may not be separately 

regarded as distinct questions, the interrogation point should 
be used at the close of the sentence only. 

*An interrogative sentence is said to be declarative in meaning when the que-tion is not 
asked for the purpose of obtaining an answer, but rather to make a stronger impression of a truth 
than could be made by a direct statement. The question is put in such a way that the person 
addressed cannot answer it without admitting the truthfulness of what the questioner wishes to teach. 

To the question under example 4, above, ?io is the only answer that can be given, and thus 
the hearer is made virtually to declare just the sentiment which tho speaker designs to enforce ; 
namely, that we shall not gather strength by irresolution and inaction. Since such a question is 
used for rhetorical effect, it is called a figure of interrogation. It is always equivalent to an 
emphatic declaration. 



^K 













PUNCTUATION. 33 






8. When a clause originally declarative is quoted at the close of an 






interrogative sentence, the question mark should be placed 






outside of the marks of quotation. 






9. When an interrogative clause is used as a formal introduction 






to a remark or a quotation, the question mark should precede 






the marks of quotation. 






10. Exclamatory sentences are followed by the Exclamation Point. 






11. When the sentence consists of expressions that would each be 






exclamatory if taken alone, the exclamation point should be inserted after 






each expression. 






12. When the sentence consists of expressions that would not be 






exclamatory if taken separately, the exclamation point should be used at 






the close only. 






13. When a clause originally declarative is quoted in an exclam- 






atory manner, the exclamation point should be placed after the quotation 






marks. 






EXAMPLES. 






I. Home should be the center of joy. (Rule I.) 






2 


Hear me, for I will speak. (2) 






3 


What does this mean, my Lord? (3) 






4 


Shall we gather strength by irresolution and inaction ? (4) 






5 


Thou wilt not murder me ? (5) 






6 


Will the lost hands in ours be folded ? will the shut eyelids ever rise ? (6) 






7 


For what is our hope, or joy, or crown of rejoicing ? (7) 






8 


Is there any man so swelled by the conceit of his union with the true 






church, as to stand apart, and say, "I am holier than thou"? (S) 






q. Who will not cherish the sentiment contained in the following words 






of Washington? "The nation which indulges toward another an habitual 






hatred or an habitual fondness is, in some degree, a slave. It is a slave to 






its animosity or to its affection, either of which is sufficient to lead it astray 






from its duty and its interest." (9) 






10. How the rushing waves bear all before them! (10) 






11. They come! they come! the pale-face come! (n) 






12. May the sun, in his course, visit no land more free, more happy, 






more lovely, than this our own country ! (12) 






13. How exceedingly prepossessing must have been the appearance of this 






young man, since it made an impression upon Jesus so strong and so evident 






as to cause it to be remarked that "Jesus loved him" ! (13) 






14. Be not wise in your own conceits. Recompense to no man evil for 






evil. Provide things honest in the sight of all men. (2) 






15. Hold you the watch to-night ? (3) 






16. Who hath woe ? who hath sorrow ? who hath contentions ? who 






hath babbling ? who hath wounds without cause ? who hath redness of eyes ? (6) 






17. What sighs have been wafted after that ship ! what prayers offered 






up at the deserted firesides at home! (11) 






18. For when did farmer boy count such a summons less than joy. (4) 




*-fe: 









34 



PVNCTUA TIOX . 



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m ; 

• M : 



PUNCTUATION OF 



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/«U«*s'-l«»»."l.f1.H./'WK"l 



,!•,/•,!■, .■< ( > U"W".".,<,(<./ , 1: 






£7C| SIMPLE sentence is one that contains but a single 
ijfpj proposition. 

A Proposition is a group of words containing a 
subject and predicate. 

Ex. — A good man will love his neighbor. 



P-jsa.g P'? gga aa=J > 



i3-) 



PRINCIPAL ELEMENTS.': <r. 



The Subject and Predicate of a sentence are called its 

principal elements. 

The Grammatical Subject is the word of which some- 
thing is predicated in the sentence. 

The Grammatical Predicate is the word or words that 
predicate something of the subject. 

A Complex Subject is the grammatical subject taken 
together with the words and phrases that limit it. 

Ex. — The old man of the mountains appeared on the scene. 

A Compound Subject consists of two or more simple or 
complex subjects all having one and the same predicate. 

Ex. — Honesty, truthfulness, and industry are indispensable qualities of a 
good character. 

A simple sentence with a compound subject or predi- 
cate is sometimes called a Partially Compound Sentence. 

The subject and predicate of a sentence are so inti- 
mately related that they should not ordinarily be separated 
by any mark of punctuation. Sometimes, however, it be- 
comes necessary to separate them, as will be shown by the 
followin"' : — 



PUNCTUA TIOlV. 



3d 



RULES. 

The subject and predicate should be Separated by the 
Comma,— 

14. When the subject is so long and complex that the meaning of the 

sentence would not be clear without the comma. 

15. When the last word of a complex subject is a noun of the same 

person and number as the verb that follows it, and hence 
might be mistaken for the complete subject of that verb. 

16. When a complex subject ends in a verb that comes immediately 

before another verb so nearly of the same form as to require a 
pause between them in order to secure a distinct and agree- 
able utterance. 

17. When a complex subject ends in a word that might be errone- 

ously taken to limit some word that folloics it. 

18. When the subject is compound, and consists of complex parts 

that are separated by some mark of punctuation. 

19. The comma and dash, should follow a long subject that is broken 
off, and resinned under a new form. 

20. A compound sentence often requires the same verb in each of its 
clauses. In such a .sentence, the verb, after being used in the first clause, 
is fi\ quently omitted in those that follow. This ellipsis is generalh' marked 
by the Comma. 

21. The ellipsis of the verb in compound sentences should not be marked 
by the comma. — 

{<:/) When the clauses are followed by an element which limits all of 
them alike. 

{b) When each verb or its ellipsis is followed by a preposition, or 
by as used to introduce a comparison ; unless the omission of 
the comma would cause the meaning to become obscure or 
uncertain. 

{>') When a compound sentence consists of but two short clauses 
joined by and, or, but, or nor; unless a noun immediately fol- 
lows the subject of the second clause. 

((7) When the style of the composition is decidedly light or vivacious. 

EXAMPLES. 

1. Many whom you remember as children playing amidst the clover blos- 
soms of our Northern ileitis, 14 sleep under nr.meless mounds with strange South- 
ern wild-flowers blooming over them. (14) 

2. The bears that have their dens among the Rocky Mountains, 15 are a 
terror to the superstitious Indians. (15) 

3. He that secketh, 11 '' findeth. (16) 

4. The man of talent merely, 17 is strong for enterprise and execution. (17) 

5. Her beauty, :is her courage, :is ami the prophetic tones in which she 
spoke, ls arrested Charles's fury. (18) 



=&— 



36 



PUNCTUATION. 



6. And their pale Magdalen?, holy with the look of sins forgiven, 1 '— how 
the divine beauty of their penitence sinks into the heart! (19) 

7. One prefers comedy ; another, 20 tragedy. (20) 

8. Among the ancient critics, Longinus possessed most delicacy, Aristotle 21 
most correctness, of judgment. (21a.) 

9. Never did frightened hare flee to cover, or fox 21 to earth, with more 
terror of mind than I 21 to this retreat. (21$.) 

10. Saturn has rings, and Jupiter 21 belts. (21c.) 

11. "There is a magic in the sound 'Stop thief! stop thiet ! ' The 
tradesman leaves his counter, and the carman 21 his wagon ; the butcher throws 
down his tray, the baker 21 his basket, the milkmai. 21 his pail, the errand-boy his 
parcels, the school boy his marbles, the paver his pickax, the child his battle- 
door; away they run pell-mell, helter skelter. '' (2i</. ) 

12. Thou who wouldst see the lovely and the wild mingled in harmony 
on nature's face, 14 ascend our Rocky Mountains. 

13. Power reminds you of weakness ; permanency, of change ; life, of 
death; light, of darkness ; and the true, of the false. ( 2i£, exception.) 

14. Whoever firmly wills, 16 will be a good man. 



wigLy,-,.; 



^ 



COMPOUND ELEMENTS. 



Compound Elements consist of Coordinate parts joined 
by the conjunctions and, or, nor, but, yet, etc. 

Remark. — Terms, or parts, are said to be coordinate, when they are 
of equal runic, and are used in the same office. 

When a compound element consists of two terms, it is 
called a Couplet ; when it consists of more than two terms, 
it is called a Series. 

Remark. — We may have a couplet or series of subjects, predicates, ad- 
jectives, adverbs, objects of a verb or a preposition ; and each term may be 
either a word or a phrase. 

With respect to their punctuation, the couplet and the 
series must be considered separately ; for although they are 
for the most part punctuated alike, there are some differ- 
ences that cannot be overlooked. 



PUNCTUATION OF THE COUPLET. 
RULES. 

The terms of a couplet should be Separated by the Comma,— 

22. When the connective is omitted between them. 

23. When they are differently limited, although they may be joined 

by the conjunction. 



♦- 




c 






PUNCTUATION. 3/ 






24. 


When the second term is the same word as the first, or means 
the same thing ; and also when the second term is added to ex- 
tend or amplify the meaning of the first, or because there is a 
doubt as to which is the better term to employ. 






25. 


When the terms are contrasted, or emphatically distinguished. 






26. 


When the terms are remote prepositions having a common object. 






The 


terms of a couplet should Not be Separated,— 






27. 


When one of the correlative words both, either, or neither, pre- 
cedes the first term. 






28. 


When the}- are formed alike, and joined by a conjunction ; unless 
the first phrase ends and the second begins with a noun. 






29. 


When the second term is preceded by the article, although the 
first may end and the second begin with a noun. 






30. 


When the couplet occurs in the body of a sentence in which the 
force of other commas would be weakened by the use of a 
comma to separate the terms of the couplet. 






31. 


When the couplet itself is a parenthetical expression, or forms a 
part of one. 






32. 


When it is an adjective element that is apparently compound, 
but not really so. 






A couplet should be Preceded by the Comma,— 






33. 


When it is an adjective element, and not restrictive. (See Re- 
marks on ''Adjective Elements" — p. 41.) 






A couplet should be Followed by the Comma, — 






34. 


When the terms are separated, unless they are adjectives or ad- 
verbs immediately followed b}' the word which they limit, or 
unless they are verbs immediately followed bj r the object which 
they govern. 






35. 


When the terms are identical, equivalent, etc., as described in 
Rule 24. 






36. 


When it is an adjective element and no., restrictive. 

EXAMPLES. 

Then he heard the quick,"' 2 short commands of the officers. (22) 
2. Such songs have power to quiet 
The restless pulse of care, 23 
And come like the benediction 
That follows after prayer. (23) 






3- 


The kernel,^ or neucleus,* 5 is the whole body of the seed within the 






coats. (24) 






4- 


He reached the farthest wigwam, 21 readied the lodge of Hiawatha. (24) 






5- 


They were vitlians, si murderers. (24) 






6. 


The Saxons made England their head-quarters,-* their home. (24) 
7. 'T is not so so//,- 5 but far more sweet 
Than my own native speech. (25) 




♦4 









38 



PUNCTUA TION. 



8. Have I advanced z'«, 26 or deviated from, the path that leads to life ? (26) 

9. Both the life of the wise 27 and the deeds of the brave are good ex- 
amples for us to follow. (27) 

10. The poet, whose breathing thoughts-* and winged words have thrilled 
the world. (28) 

11. Integrity of understanding, 2 * and nicety of discernment, 34 were not allotted 
in a less proportion to Dryden than to Pope. (2S) 

12. Energy is the daughter of Perseverance 2 * and the companion of Success. 

13. As we do, and we must as Protestants, consider Romanism a false and 
vicious system of religion"® or form of Christianity, whatever we can lawfully 
and morally do to stay its progress, we not only have a right, but it is our duty 
to do. (30) 

14. We must file a protest against the practice of destroying the birds of 
the garden; for, besides depriving us of the beau'y of their appearance* 1 and 
the music of their song, it lets in a flood of insects, whose numbers the birds 
were commissioned to keep down. (31) 

15. Of intellectual gifts, the rarest, 22 the most glorious," 4 is great 32 invent- 
ive genius. (32) 

16. Water, 33 pure and cool, 36 is the most healthful drink that can be 
found. (33) 

17. Cheerfully, 22 buoyantly \ A the little birds flit from tree to tree. (34) 

18. Christ, 2 ^ and Christ alone, 35 is sufficient to clothe you with that love- 
liness of moral character which will cause your life to pass happily. (35) 

19. Flowers have hal>its, 2i or ways of acting, 35 just as people have. (35) 

20. Respected in life 28 and honored in death, 36 he will long live in the 
memories of succeeding generations. (36) 

21. Aim not to show knowledge, 25 but to acquire it. 

22. The delight of those who behold it, 15 will always be found to be in exact 
proportion to the force of their imagination 28 and the warmth of their social 
affections. 

23. Slowly, 22 silently, 34 was the murderer's knife raised to strike the fatal 
blow. 

24. A father's sadness, 22 a mother's tears, 18 are treated with contempt, 23 
and often with bitter retorts. 



PUNCTUATION OF THE SERIES. 



RULES 

The Terms of a Scries are Separated by the Comma,— 

37. When the conjunction is used between the terms throughout. In 

cases of this kind, however, usage is divided; some prefering 
to separate the terms, and some not to do so. It is better to 
omit the comma between the terms, whenever the use of it 
would weaken the force of other commas that must be used in 
the sentence. 

38. When the conjunction is used between the last tioo terms only. 

39. When the conjunction is ommitted throughout. 

40. When the series consists of couplets whose terms are not separated 

from each other by the comma. 



PUNCTUA TION 



39 



4 3- 



The Terms of a Series are Separated by the Semicolon,— 

41. When they are slightly connected in sense. 

42. "When they are a series of couplets -whose terms are separated by 

the comma. 

43. When they are a series of extended phrases partaking of the na- 

ture and importance of clauses. 

44. When they are separately numbered in the same paragraph ; but 

they should be separated by the period if separately para- 
graphed and separately numbered. 

A Series should be Preceded,— 

45. By the Colon, when it is formally introduced by such expres- 

sions as "Thus'', "These", "The following", "As follows'', 
etc., or by a numeral adjective. 

46. By the Colon and Dash, when it is introduced as above, but 

is very long, or separately paragraphed. 

4T. By the Semicolon before the introductory word, and the Comma 
after it, whenever it is introduced by some such word as 
"Namely", "Viz.", "To wit", "As", and the like. 

The same marks that are used before a series are also used before a 
full example consisting of a complete sentence or clause em- 
ployed to illustrate a rule or definition. 

48. The comma is more properly used in place of the semicolon be- 

fore the introductory word, whenever the series is parenthetical 

49. By the Comma and Dash., or by the Semicolon, whenever some 

such introductory word as namely is understood at the begin- 
ning of the series. The comma and dash are mere properly 
used before a long series, or before one whose terms are con- 
siderably complex ; and the semicolon is the more appropriate 
mark when the scries' is short and the terms are simple. Some 
prefer the dash alone, in place of namely, before a couplet or a 
short series. 

50. By the Comma and Dash, when not introduced by any connect- 

ive expressed or understood, but separately paragraphed. 

51. B} r the Comma, when not introduced by any connective ex- 

pressed or understood, but separately numbered in the same 
paragraph. 

A Series should be Followed, — 

52. By the Comma, whenever the conjunction is omitted throughout, 

and also, when it is an adjective element not restrictive, unless 
as in Rules 53 and 54. 

53. By no mark, whenever it is followed in its sentence or clause 

by only a single short iron!. 

54. By no mark, whenever it is an adjective or an adverbial element 

that immediately precedes the word it limits. 

55. By the Comma and Dash, when it consists of a series of ex- 

pressions leading to an important conclusion. 



40 



PUNCTUA TION. 



EXAMPLES. 



I. They wandered in deserts, 2 ' 1 and in mountains? 1 and in dens? and in 
caves of the earth. (37) 



Hunger 31 and cold 31 and scam 21 and pain 
Had wasted his form and seared his brain. 



(37) 



despait 



3. Impetuous, 38 active? fierce? and young, 52 
Upon the advancing foe he sprung. (38) 

Learn patience? calmness? self-command? disinterestedness? love. (39) 
I have seen the effects of love and hatred? joy and grief? hope and 
(40) 

6. Joyously, adv. — Syn. Gleeful ; a lively /*» mirthful ; a sportive & 
merry? 1 etc. (41) 

7. There are two classes in society; 17 viz., 47 the rich? 1 the poor J 2 the 
high? the low;® the good? 2 the bad. (42) 

8. He beheld him in the star that sank in beauty behind his lonely dwell- 
ing : 43 in the sacred orb that flcmed on him from his midday throne ; 43 in the 
flower that snapped in the morning breeze ; 43 in the lofty pines that defied a 
thousand whirlwinds. (43) 

9. In the exercises that have been given thus far, the subjects have in- 
volved, 51 1. Objects simply ? 2. Transactions /** 3. Qualities y 44 4. Imaginary 
Subjects. (44) 

10. English Grammar relates, — 50 

I To the elementary sounds and letters of the language. 44 

2. To the classification and modification of its words. 44 

3. To the structure of its sentences. 44 

4. To the laws of its versification. (44) 

11. The following are some of the verbs which take a direct and an in- 
direct object: 45 buy? sell? play? sing? find? get? lend? draw? send? 
pass? make, ™ etc. (45) 

12. Write subjects to the following verbs : — 4B 

Teach? instruct? learn? speak? say? utter? sleep? consent? chat- 
ter? walk? command? etc. 

13. Many words are differently spelled in English ; 47 as, 47 inquire, 9 ® en- 
quire ? 2 jail? 2 gaol y 42 sceptic? skeptic. (47) 

14. The first person is that which denotes the speaker or writer; 47 as, 47 
"I Paul have written it." (47) 

15. In the four gospels, 48 namely, 39 Matthew? Mark? Luke? and John, 
we have the history of our Saviour. (4S) 

16. Before me stand the wondrous band, 49 — bards? heroes? sages? side 
by side, who darkened nations when they died. (49) 

17. There are three cases; 49 the nominative? the possessive? and the 
objective. (49) 

18. The speaker may sustain one of three relations to the subject r 45 he 
may be himself the subject, 38 he may speak to the subject, 38 or he may speak 
of the subject. 



PUNCTUATION. 



41 



19. If I could but make it in others what it has been to me 49 — the nurse, 39 
the guide 39 the guardian of my heart. (49) 

20. Write out all the tenses of the verbs, 50 — 

To sit, to set, to lie, to lay, to teach, to speak, to say, to laugh, to 
move, to bring, to try. (50) 

21. Comparison is indicated, — 50 

1. By changing the form of the adjective. 44 

2. By changing the word. 44 

3. By adding other words. 44 (50) 

22. In your text-book on Geography, show the divisions, 38 subdivisions, 38 
and dependence of thought, 51 (1) in Geography as the chief topic ; 44 (2) in 
Mathematical Geography ; 44 (3) in the Geography of Massachusetts ; 44 (4) in 
the Inhabitants of the Earth. (51) 

23. The earth, 39 air 39 water 39 the fathomless ocean 39 the limitless sky, 52 
lie almost untouched before us. (52) 

24. Teach, 39 urge, 39 threaten, 39 lecture 53 him. (53) 

25. The good will form hereafter stronger, 39 purer, 39 holier 53 ties. (53) 

26. Friendless 39 homeless 39 hopeless 52 they wandered from city to city. 

27. The springs on which his being had so lightly 39 so proudly, 39 so 
grandly 5 ^ moved, 14 gave way. (54) 

28. That power of endurance, 39 that quickness of apprehension, 39 that 
calmness of judgment, which enable him to seize opportunities that others lose, (55) 
are not these talents ? 



ADJECTIVE ELEMENTS. gB: 

; ; £* 



An Adjective Element is a word, phrase, or clause, that 
is added to a noun or pronoun to limit its application, or 
to describe, in some way, the object represented by the 
noun or pronoun. In short, it is an}' word, or group of 
words, used in the office of an adjective. 

When such an element is a single word, it may be an 
Adjective, a Participle, or a noun in Apposition. 

When the adjective element is a phrase, it may be in 
the Ordinary form, or it may be Adjectival, Participial, or 
Appositional. 

The Ordinary Phrase is one introduced by a preposition. 

Ex. -The enterprise demands men of wisdom. 

The Adjectival Phrase consists of an adjective as its chief 
word, together with other words, phrases, or even clauses. 
used to limit that adjective. 

Ex, -Our uncle, innocent of books, was rich in lore of fields and brooks. 



42 



PUNCTUA T/OX. 



A couplet or scries of adjectives may also be regarded 
as an adjectival phrase. 

Ex. — The poor white man, faint and weary, came ami sat under our tree. 

The Participial Phrase is like the adjectival, except 
that it has for its basis, or chief word, a participle instead 
of an adjective. 

/'.'.v. — Our lives are rivers, gliding to that bound ess sea, the silent grave. 

The Appositional Phrase has a noun i/r apposition for 
its basis. In other respects it corresponds to the participial 
and the adjectival phrase. 

Ex. — Three friends, the guests of summer time, pitched their white tent 
where sea winds blew. 

The Punctuation of all adjective elements is governed 
by the same General Law ; namely, that they are to be set 
off by the comma, when not restrictive. 

The adjective element is said to be restrictive when it 
so limits, or restricts, its noun or pronoun as to make it 
mean some particular person or thing, or some one of a 
particular class. Take for illustration the following example : 

The man standing by the wheel is the captain of the vessel. 

The phrase "standing by the wheel" points out the 
particular man meant, and so it restricts the noun man, be- 
cause it forbids its application to any man but the one 
described by the phrase. For further illustration take the 
example, — 

My father, standing on a projecting point, caught the boat as it passed. 

In this example the phrase "standing on a projecting 
point" cannot restrict the noun father so as to make it 
apply to any particular one, because the word my has al- 
ready made its application definite by showing just whose 
father is meant. 

The ordinary adjective phrase is commonly restrictive, 
and therefore not set off; but this is not always the case, 
as may be seen from the following examples : — 

1. That horse with, a shaggy man, was brought from Australia. 

2. The general, loith all his faults, must be regarded as a noble man. 

In the first example, the phrase is plainly restrictive, 
and is therefore not set off; but in the second example, the 



PUNCTUA TION. 



43 



phrase is as plainly not restrictive, and is therefore set off 
by the comma. 

A word or group of words is said to be set off when it 
is separated from other parts of the sentence. This, of 
course, will require but one mark, when the group to be set 
off occurs at the beginning or at the close of a sentence ; 
but it will require two marks, one before and another after 
the part to be set off, whenever the expression occurs in the 
body of a sentence. 

Since the Phrase Absolute is so nearly akin to the 
phrases above described, it is for convenience classified with 
them in giving rules for their punctuation. The phrase 
absolute is so named because it is absolved from all depend- 
ence upon any word in the sentence where it occurs. Its 
various forms will be illustrated in the examples given below. 

RULES. 

An Adjective Word or an Ordinary Adjective Phrase 
should be Set off by the Comma, — 

56. When it is not restrictive. 

Adjectival Phrases should be Set off by the Comma, — 

57. When not restrictive. 

A Participial Phrase should be Set off by the Comma,— 

58. When not restrictive. But when it is restrictive, it should be 

left unpointed. 

The Phrase Absolute should be Set off by the Comma,— 

59. When it consists of a nominative absolute with a participle de- 

pending upon it. 

60. When the chief element in the phrase is a verb in the infinitive 

mode. 

61. When the basis of the phrase is a participle. 

62. When the leading or chief word in the phrase, is a verb in the 

imperative mode. 

63. When the phrase, or more properly the clause, is introduced by 

than whom, or than which. 

64. When the phrase or word is independent by pleonasm. 

65. The colon is generally employed to set off such expressions as 
Again, To proceed, etc., used to introduce a paragraph. 

An Appositional Phrase or Word should be Set off by 
the Comma,— 

66. When not restrictive; or. 

By a Dash, when il is in apposition with a clause. 



44 



PUNCTUA TIOX 



A noun or pronoun in restrictive, or close apposition, is 
Not Set off by the Comma,— 

67. When it is a proper noun closely connected with a common noun. 

6S. When it is a noun so closely connected with a pronoun as not to 
admit of a pause between them. When a pause is required, 
the noun should be set off. 

69. When it is a word used merely to name itself. 

70. When it is part of a complex name ; unless the name is inverted. 

71. When it is an attributive object ; unless unusual emphasis i>- 

required. 

72. When it is a common noun constituting a part of the name of 

a firm. 

73. When it is the second term of a complex possessive, and has the 

possessive sign ; but it should be set off when the first term — 
the noun with which it is in apposition — has the possessive sign. 

The Echo is a case of apposition used chiefly for rhe- 
torical effect, and should be Set off by the Dash in addition to 
the mark which would be used if the expression were not 
rhetorical ; or by the Dash alone, which some prefer, — 

74. When it consists of a repeated word or phrase accompanied by 

such added expressions as may be needed to explain, extend, or 
amplify the thought. 

75. When it is merely the repetition of a thought, for the purpose of 

expressing it in a more striking form. 



EXAMPLES. 

Reason itself, 56 with all its light,** 



not so rapid in discoveries of 



this sort. 



2. With such glad and peaceful images in my heart, 50 I traveled along that 
dreary moor, 56 with the cutting wind in my face,- 3 and my feet sinking in the 
snow, 23 or sliding on the hard blue ice beneath it. (56) 



Poor Mabel, 56 in her lonely home, 56 
Sat by the window's narrow pane, 57 
White in the moonlight's silver rain 



(57) 



4. Behind the black wall of the forest, 58 tipping its summit with silver, 68 
arose the moon. (58) 

5. Two games had been finished, 59 the young man losing each time. (59) 

6. Fame, 1,0 to quote the enthusiastic language of an ancient chronicler,^ 
has commemorated the names of their little band. (60) 

7. Generally speaking/' 1 an author's style is a faithful copy of his mind. (61) 

8. Take him for all in all, 6 - I shall not look upon his like again. (62) 



PUNCTUATION. 



45 



9. I should seem guilty of ingratitude, 63 than which nothing is more 
shameful. (63) 

10. The smithy,^ a mighty man is he, 56 
With large and sinewy hands. (64) 

11. But to proceed : 65 it has been frequently remarked that, etc. (65) 

12. On two strangers, 66 man and maiden,** cloaked and furred, 58 the fire- 
light shone. (66) 

13. They devoted their whole time to vain amusement, 66 — an act of folly 
which filled me with surprise. (66) 

14. The philosopher 67 Hume said a turn for humor was worth to him ten 
thousand a year. (67) 

15. I 68 Jesus**' have sent mine angel to testify unto you these things in 
the churches. (68) 

16. Thou, 68 Father, 68 markest the tears I shed. (68) 

17. The natives 68 themselves** spoke of the cold as being unusually se- 
vere. (68) 

18. The adverb 69 so 69 is often used as a substitute for some preceding 
word or group of words, (69) 

19. Sir John 70 Franklin 70 was lost in the Arctic Seas. (70) 

20. Franklin, 70 Sir John, 10 was an Arctic explorer. (70) 

21. Madame DeStael calls beautiful architecture 71 frozen music. (71) 

22. And they called Barnabas, 71 Jupiter; and Paul, 71 Mercurius. (71) 

23. Mason 72 Brothers own a flourishing establishment. (72) 
It may be seen at Clark 73 the publisher's. (73) 
The work will be found at Smith's, 73 the bookseller. (73) 
Majestically slow the sun goes down in glory 71 — the full-orbed autumn 



24. 

25- 

26. 

(74) 



27. Unwarmed by any sunset light, 57 

The gray day darkened into night, 71 — 
A night made hoary with the swarm, 
And whirl-dance of the blinding storm. 



(74) 



28. Edmund Burke was a man who added to the pride, not merely of his 
country, but of his species ; 71 — a man who robed the very soul of inspiration in 
the splendors of a pure and overpowering eloquence. (74) 



29. It was under the influence of impulse 71 — th 
own poetic spiril 7i — that Burns went forth singing ii 
(mountain side. (74) 

30. And ever and anon came on the still air the soft, eternal pulsations 
of the distant sea, 75 — sound mourn/ 'idlest : ,~' most mysterious,^ of all the harpings 
of Nature. (75) 

31. There was evident preparation for a magnificent display, 75 — a 
Oatiqttct by the sun to the courtier clouds on retiring from office that day 
high carnival of light. (75) 



■ipule of nature on his 
lory and in joy on the 



it 



46 



PUNCTUA TION. 



lUI* 



^r-2- 



:.ra ADVERBIAL ELEMENTS. H3 

: ?t£7T3*^ ~y"""HP "v ■~**^^ '• 

Adverbial Elements are much more simple in their 
classification than adjective elements. 

The adverbial word and phrase are punctuated alike ; 
but the clause requires a somewhat different treatment, and 
will, like the adjective clause, be considered under the head 
of complex sentences. 

In general, the pauses required in reading have very 
little to do with the punctuation ; but to this the adverbial 
element seems to be an exception ; for whenever it requires 
a pause before and after it to bring out the sense, it should 
be set off by the comma. This is most commonly the case 
when the adverbial element is parenthetical or inverted. 

ADVERBIAL WORDS AND PHRASES. 

An adverbial word or phrase is said to coalesce, when 
the sense does not require any pause to be made before and 
after it, — when it does not break, or interrupt, the easy flow 
of the sentence. 

An adverb is used conjunctively when it directs the 
mind backward to something that has been before stated 
or established ; or when it denotes a continuation of a sub- 
ject which has been previously introduced. 

RULES. 

The Adverbial Word or Phrase should be Setoff by the 
Comma, — 

76. When it seems to limit the entire clause rather than any partic 
ular word in it, and does not coalesce. 

77. "When it is used parenfheticaUy ; and also when it is used con 
junctively, if it does not wholly coalesce. 

78. When it is the least coalescing of two intermediate adverbs. 

79. "When it is either of the words "Besides" or " Notwithstanding ', 
used clearly as an abverb, and nol as a preposition. 

' s '. In most instances the adverbial word or phrase, when not in- 
verted, does coalesce, and should not h set of. 



PUNCTUATION. 



47 



81. The words "Hence", "Therefore'', and "Also'', although so 

often set off, should be left unpointed whenever they do not at 
all break the How of the sentence. 

82. Words like "Here "and "There", used antithetically^ the head 

<f contrasted clauses should be set off by the comma. 

83. Such words as "Again", used to introduce a paragraph, are com- 

monly set off by the colon. 

EXAMPLES. 

i. Punctuality is, 76 no doubt,™ a quality of high importance. (76) 

2. Beneath is spread, 77 like a green sea," 1 the waveless plain of Lombardy, 58 
bounded by the vaporous air, 22 islanded by cities fair. (77) 

3. Why, 77 then, 11 should we defer the declaration ? (77) 

4. He was, 77 hotuever, 11 obliged to give up all further sledge excursions 
for the season. (77) 

5. Through the forest, 77 like a wild beast, 11 roared and plunged the Saco's 
falls. (77) 

6. And therefore, 78 perhaps,™ it was that Johnson did it. (78) 

7. But, 79 notwithstanding,^ neither she 27 nor any one else could ever call 
him away from my father. (79) 

8. Again so the tossing boughs shut out the scene. (So) 

9. Self-culture 81 also 81 implies suitable efforts to strengthen and expand the 
intellect. (81) 

10. //<?;v, 82 every citizen enjoys the blessings of personal freedom ; there, 8 ' 2 
despotism forges fetters for thought, 38 word, 38 and action. , (S2) 

11. Again : 83 you breathe a sweet song into the air. It falls, you know 
not, 22 think not, 3i where ; but long, long afterward you may find it in the heart 
of a friend. 



A. 



-^Sr- 






.^ 



PARENTHETICAL EXPRESSIONS. 



T 



Parenthetical expressions are those that partake, more 
or less, of the nature of the parenthesis. The parenthesis 
is a sentence or clause thrown in between the parts of 
another sentence, but having no direct Connecticut with the 
thought expressed in that sentence. The parenthesis may 
be removed from the sentence into which it is inserted, 
without affecting the meaning of that sentence. The par- 
enthetical expression does have more or less connection 
with the thought of the sentence in which it occurs, but it 



«-E3= 



48 



PUNCTUA TION 



expresses an incidental modification, and if it were left out, 
the sentence would, in most cases at least, remain complete. 

RULE. 

84. A Parenthetical Expression not constituting a complete clause, is 
generally set off by the comma. 

EXAMPLES. 

1. A man of more than ordinary intellectual vigor may, 81 for want of the 
faculty of expression, 84 be a cipher in society. 

2. Prosperity is secured to a state, 84 not by the acquisition of territory or 
riches, 84 but by the encouragement of industry and the dissemination of virtuous 
principle. 



?..a. : " 



INVERTED EXPRESSIONS. 



Inverted Expressions are those which are transposed 
from their natural order. 

The natural order of an adverbial element, with refer- 
ence to the word which it limits, is before the adjective or 
adverb, but after the verb and participle, and after the ob- 
ject also, when the verb or participle is transitive. 

It will be seen that the same general law already no- 
ticed, has a bearing upon inverted expressions as well as 
upon other adverbial elements. 



RULES. 

An Inverted Phrase should be Set off by the Comma — 

85. When it requires a pause to mark the sense. This will espe- 

cially be the case — 

86. When the phrase contains a clause ; or when it ends in a word 

that is the same part of speech as the word that immediately 
follows it, or in an adjective that comes immediately before a 
noun, or in a noun that comes immediately before an adjective. 

87. When it is very long; especially if it is compound, or very 

complex. 

88. When it is considerably extended, and contains a transitive in- 

finitive or participle with its object, or when in any way it as- 
sumes the importance of a clause. 











P UN C T UA tion 4y 






An Inverted Phrase is Not usually Set off,— 






89. When it is an object inverted, and not limited by a clause. 






90. When it comes immediately before a transposed verb. 






91. When it is an ordinary prepositional phrase, and limits the last 






word in the clause. 






92. When it is introduced or immediately preceded by the words "It 






is'.' or " Only." 






93. When, in any case, it wholly coalesces. 






94. When it occurs in the body of a sentence, and it might be doubt- 






ful whether it limits a word before or a word after it. the 






comma should separate it from the part to which it does not 






belong, but no mark should ba put between it and the word 






which it limits. 






EXAMPLES. 






I. Under an impression so profound®* we feel our own hearts grow better. 






(85) 






2. From out the darkness where we trod, s6 






We gazed upon those hills of God. (S6) 






3. Upon leaving college,^ Willis edited "The Legendary" and "The 






Token." (86) 






4. To many,* 6 religion is a mere tradition, or a momentary feeling. (86) 






5. By silent river,- 2 by moaning sea, S6 long and vain shall thy watching 






be. . (S6) 






6. On a small headland of the distant island of Lewis,* 1 an old man 






stood looking out on a desolate waste of rambeaten sea. (S7) 






7. In the production and preservation of order, ^ all men recognize some- 






thing that is sacred. (87) 






8. To add to the horrors of the sce/ie, ss the wooden pavements in some 






places took fire. (88) 






9. After enjoying this active life for several hours , S8 they come to rest. (SS) 






10. After giving a brief j 22 picturesque description of spring,** the poet in- 






forms us that he is about to make a pilgrimage. (SS) 






11. The God of the universe*® he acknowledges in everything around. (89) 






12. Around this lovely valley^ rise the purple hills of Paradise. (90) 






13. By fairy hands'-' 1 their knell is rung. (91) 






14. It is chiefly through books'- 1 - that we hold intercourse with superior 






minds. (92) 






15. Only on a few slight occasions - they felt disposed to be merciful. (92) 






16. Through all the long midsummer , 






The meadow sides are sweet with hay. (93) 






17. However opposite may be the sides from which we start at the foot 






of a mountain, in approaching its summit 9 * we approach one another. (94) 




— 













50 



PUNCTUA TION. 



£*§£» 

^ v * 



<£ FINAL PHRASES. 



A Final Phrase is one that comes at the close of a sen- 
tence, or at the close of an important division of a sentence. 

These phrases are subject, in the main, to the same 
rules that govern other adverbial phrases, but have some 
peculiarities that seem to demand special mention. 

A phrase is said to be Addative, when it expresses a 
modification that did not at first occur to the writer, but 
came to mind after the former part of the sentence was 
written. The sentence would be complete without it. 

RULES. 

A Final Phrase should be Set off by the Comma,— 

95. When it is added to express an incidental or after thought, when 

it does not coalesce,- or when the meaning would be doubtful if 

the comma were omitted. 

96. When it is used in contrast, or antithesis, with something that 

precedes. 

97. When it is an infinitive phrase introduced by the words " In order." 

98. When it gives a date, and, on account of the omission of its 

preposition, begins with a noun that immediately follows an- 
other noun. When the preposition is expres>ed, the comma 
should be omitted. 

A Final Phrase is Not Set off, — 

99. When closely related in sense with what immediately precedes it, 

and not requiring a pause before it 

100. When it is an infinitive phrase denoting purpose, but not intro- 

duced by the words "In order;'" unless the omission of the 
point would make the 'meaning doubtful. 

101. When it denotes time, measure, or distance. 



EXAMPLES. 

1. At each pause again broke in the music of his violin, 95 with tones of 
sweetness or of fear. (95) 

2. A great mind is formed by a few great ideas,'" 5 not by an infinity of 
loose details. (96) 

3. We were up before sunrise, 1 ' 7 in order to tnl\- advantage of the tide, 
which -waits for no man. (97) 

4. George Bancroft was born at Worcester, Massachusetts. 98 October j, 
1800. (98) 



— EF 



PUNCTUA TION. 



51 



5. The material world does not change" in its masses or in its powers. (99) 

6. He closed his eyes on his garnished rooms, 100 
To dream of meadows and clover-blooms. (100) 

7. Rivermouth Rocks are fair to see, 58 
By dawn or sunset shone across, 58 
When the ebb of the sea has left them free, 100 
To dry their fringes of gold-green moss. (lOO) 

8. John Lothrop Motley was born 101 April 75, 181 4. (101) 




:■■■.„■ i'.* .,-,■: .,-^.^- / ^T - ~/m 

r TANT DIVISIONS 

....... 




The term " Important Divisions," as here used, is meant 
to apply primarily to divisions of the simple or the complex 
sentence ; but it may also be applied to such divisions of a 
compound sentence as consist of two or more coordinate 
clauses. 

The importance of the divisions of the simple or the 
complex sentence, depends more upon the relation and prom- 
inence of the thoughts expressed, than upon grammatical 
structure and relations. 

RULE. 

102. Important Divisions are separated from one another by the sem- 
icolon when they are themselves divided into smaller portions by the 
comma. 

EXAMPLES. 

I. Southward, forever southward, 

They drift through dark and day ; 102 
And like a dream, 58 in the Gulf Stream 
Sinking, 58 vanish all away. (102) 

2. Spring has its light and flitting clouds, 51 ' with shadows equally flitting 
and uncertain ; 102 refreshing showers, 50 with gay and genial bursts of sunshine, 
that seem suddenly to call forth and to nourish the young buds and flowers. ( 102) 

3. And he gave some, 182 apostles ; 10 ' 3 and some, 182 prophets ; and some, 182 
evangelists ; and some, 182 pastors and teachers. (102) 

4. It is a sort of mental growth with them ; 102 at every instant a bud 
shoots forth, and on this another and still another : 102 each producing, 39 increas- 
ing, 39 blooming of itself, 95 so that after a few moments we find first a green plant 

crop up, 39 then a thicket, 39 then a forest. (102) 



52 



PUNCTUA TION 






Punctuation Peculiar to 



*H*^ ^ mMtmk ^ :»f i ;:; , :; !l!i 






K;H-EN two or more propositions are joined in one sen- 
*^ tence, each proposition is called a clause, or member. 
[® s | A Complex Sentence contains one or more subor- 

' ' dinate clauses. A Subordinate Clause is one that lim- 
its a word in some other clause. 



Ex. — We left the body where we found it. 



@r~^ 



^)fe 



ita ; 



-sss- 



^ 



^-4f^ ADJECTIVE CLAUSES. 4f*Hf«> 



RULES. 

103. When the Adjective Clause is restrictive, it is not usually set off 

104. The Restrictive Adjective Clause is set off by the comma,— 

(a) When the relative word has a compound antecedent consisting of 

separated parts. 

(b) When the relative is immediately followed by an inclosed expi'ession, 

especially when its antecedent is limited by an adjective. 

(c) Whenever the meaning would be made uncertain by the omission 

of the point. 

105. Adjective Clauses, when not restrictive, should be set off by the 
comma, in all ordinary cases. 

106. The Descriptive Adjective Clause, when it constitutes one of the 
principal divisions of a sentence, and is subdivided by the comma, should 
be set off by the semicolon. 

107. When Adjective Clauses are combined coordinnldy, they are sep- 
arated according to the rules for coordinate clauses in compound sentences. 

Examples illustrating this rule will be found under "Compound Sen 
tences." 



«-EF 





. 


















PUNCTUATION. 53 ' 






EXAMPLES. 






i. The man 103 who called on me yesterday™ has just returned from 






India. (103) 






2. He 103 who shows himself friendly 103 will have friends. (103) 






3. Happy is the man 103 that feareth alway. (103) 






4. That vast obscurity, 66 that black unexplored ocean, 66 "the unknown 






country", 101 which they saw on the verge of our sad life, 19 — who knows 






whether it is not bounded by another shore? {104a) 






5. It was only a few discerning friends, 104 who, in^the native vigor of 






his powers, perceived the dawn of Robertson 1 's future eminence. (104^) 






6, Failing to discern the true 117 " fountain of living water," 117 she lived 






and died in the vain attempt to quench the mighty thirst of her undying spirit 






at 117 " cisterns", 101 which, though of imposing magnificence and peerless splen- 






dor, nevertheless 11T " held no water.'" 111 (104/') 






7. Creeds too often carry, 77 in their ruins, 77 the seeds of that faith in the 






divine and eternal, 101 without which our nobler nature starves and perishes. (104^) 






8. God, 105 who knows all our secret thoughts,™ will bring every secret 






purpose into judgment. (105) 






9. My father, 105 who had always been very indulgent,™ was remarkably 






stern on this occasion. (105) 






10. And One is like the ocean, 57 deep and wide, 57 






Wherein all waters fall ; 106 






That girdles the broad earth,' 13 and draws the tide, 58 






Reeding and bearing all y 106 






That broods the mists, that sends the clouds abroad, 






That lakes,™ again to givey™ 






Even the great and loving heart of God, 105 






Whereby all love doth live. (106) 






11. None knew the burdens 103 that she bore. (103) 






12. He prayeth best 103 who leaves unguessed the mystery of another's 






breast. (103) 






13. On the sideboards stood service of gold plate,"' 7 the most gorgeously 






massive, 23 and the most beautiful in workmanship, 1 " 1 / have ever seen. (I04<) 






14. How beautiful the long, 22 mild twilight, 1 ""' which like a silver clasp 






unites to-day with yesterday. (105) 






15. This error, 105 to which even educated men are addicted ™ springs from 






a desire of brevity. (105) 






16. There are many dreams, 38 fictions, 3S or theories, 101 which men sub- 






stitute for truth. (104,?) 






17. He 103 that gathereth in summer 1 "' 1 is a wise son. (103) 






iS. Welcome to him, 101 who, while he strove to break 






Tne Austrian yoke from Magyar necks, sm< 






At the same blow the fetters if the serf. (104/') 




•4 













54 



PUNCTUA TIO.V. 



ADVERBIAL CLAUSES. 



RULES. 

An Adverbial Clause is Set off by the Comma,— 

108. When it is transposed ; that is, when it comes before the word 

which it limits. 

109. When it is not closely joined in sense to the word which it limits. 

110. When it does not immediately follow the verb which it limits, 

and is introduced by the words "In order that." 

111. When it is remote from its verb, is used to denote purpose, and 

is introduced by the word "That," without "In order.'' 

An Adverbial Clause should Not be Set off,— 

112. When it is closely joined in sense to the word which it limits. 

113. When it is introduced by the w T ords "In order that", and imme- 

diately follows the verb. 

114. When it is introduced by the Avord "That", without "In order", 

and follows its verb somewhat closely. 

115. When Adverbial Clauses are combined codrdinately, they are sep- 

arated according to the rules for coordinate clauses in com- 
pound sentences. 

Examples illustrating this rule will be found under " Compound Sen- 
tences." 

EXAMPLES. 



I. When dead of winter comes, 108 how wondrous look the 
white robes ! (108) 



Is in their 



2. When thou run nest, 10 * thou shalt not stumble 



(ioS) 



3. Withhold not good from them to whom it is due, 109 when it is in the 
power of thine hand to do it. (109) 

4. And a thousand recollections weave their bright hues into woof, 109 as 
I listen to the patter of the soft rain on the roof. (109) 

5. Cresar visited Britain, 110 in order that he might conquer the inhabi- 
tants, (no) 

6. I wished for the wings of an eagle, 111 that I might J?v away to those 
happy seats, (ill) 

7. He gave his decree unto the sea, 111 that the waters should not pass his 
commandment, (in) 



-EF 



PUNCTUA TION. 



55 



8. I look 11 - till the fields and brooklet swim like a vision by. (112) 

9. He stoops to gather blossoms 112 where the running -waters shine. (112) 

10. The man traveled 113 in order that he might regain his strength. (113) 

11. He hastened 113 ?'« order that he might reach the train in time. (113) 

12. They have given their lives 114 that the nation might live. (114) 

13. They were made 114 that wise people might take care of them. (114) 

i4. If thou wouldst view fair Melrose aright, 10 * 
Go visit it by the pale moonlight. (108) 

15. Just above yon sandy bar, 108 

A ? the day grows fainter and dimmer, 10 * 
Lonely and lovely, 57 a single star 

Lights the air with a dusky glimmer. (108) 

16. The night was dark and stormy, the wind was howling wild, 109 as a 
patient mother sat beside the death-bed of her child. (109) 

17. He went abroad, 110 in order that he might see foreign countries, (no) 

18. God sent his singers upon earth 

With songs of sadness and of mirth, 111 
That they might touch the hearts of men, 23 
And bring them back to heaven again, (in) 

19. We weep over the dead 112 because they have no life, and 21 over the 
living because they have no perfection. (112) 

20. Have respect for yourself 1U that others may not disrespect you. (114) 



CORRELATIVE CLAUSES. • — : > 



Correlative Clauses are so named from their being 
joined by correlative words. The first correlative word 
commonly intimates a comparison between two things, and 
awakens an expectation of an adverbial clause to complete 
that comparison. One of the words as, so, suck, or some 
adjective or adverb in the comparative form, is generally 
employed to introduce the comparison. The second correl- 
ative word is a conjunction used to introduce the clause 
that completes the comparison. In denoting a comparison 
of equality, the correlative words as and as, so and as, or 
stick and as, are employed. The comparison of inequality 
employs more — than less — than, etc. 



56 



PUN CPU A TIOX 



Correlative clauses joined by as or than, are not usually 
separated by any mark ; but when joined by other words 
the}- are commonly separated by the comma. 

RULES. 

Correlative Clauses joined by "As" or "Than", are 
Separated by the Comma,— 

116. When the second correlative word is immediately followed by a 

comma. 

117. When the true meaning would be uncertain if the comma were 

omitted. 

IIS. When the clauses become complicated by the use of phrasi 8. 
Correlative Clauses, joined by other words than " As "' 

or "Than", are Separated by the Comma, — 

119. In ordinary cases; and especially s . 

T20. When the second correlative word -is followed by a comma, and 
121. When the correlative words are placed at the beginning of their 
respective clauses. 

Correlative Clauses are Not Separated,— 

122\ When joined by as or than, except under the conditions stated 
in Rules 116, 117, 118. 

123. When closely connected by so— that or such— that, except under 
the conditions given in Rules 120, 121. 



EXAMPLES. 

1. The mind that boasts of its rich endowments is so limited and cramped, llf ' 
as, 84 in comparison with what it might enjoy, 84 to be utterly poor and naked. (116) 

2. Greater is he that prophesieth, 117 than he that speaketh with tongues. 
("7) 

3. Better to stem with heart and hand 

The roaring tide of life, 118 than lie, 56 
Unmindful, 50 on its flowery strand, 
Of God's occasion drifting by. (118) 

4. They are commonly very fragrant. 1111 so that the air is filled with pleas- 
ant odors. (119) 

5. That mountain rose so high, 1 '-" that, 77 on its top, 77 the winter-snow was 
never melted. (120) 

6. As round the reaper falls the grain, 121 
So the dark host around him fell, 
So sank the foes of Israel. (121) 



PUNCTUA T! ON. 



57 



7. O, would I were as free to rise 122 as leaves on autumn's whirlwind 
borne. (122) 

8. Thou didst learn a higher wisdom 122 than the babbling school-men 
know. (122) 

9. He did plant a state so. deep 123 that all the world has not been able 
to root it up. (123) 

10. Then from a neighboring thicket the mocking-bird,"' 7 wildest of sing- 
ers, 57 swinging aloft on a willow spray that hung o'er the water, 58 shook from 
his little throat such floods of delirious music 123 that the whole air and the woods 
and the waves seemed silent to listen. (123) 

11. It had been better for them not to have known the way of righteous- 
ness. 116 than, after they had known it, to turn from the holy commandments 
delivered unto them. (116) 

12. You might as wisely expect to enjoy life in a dilapitated and ruined 
habitation, 1115 which affords free admission to the freezing blast and the pitiless 
rain, 118 as to be happy in a body ruined by self-indulgence. (118) 

•13. Others have the same love in such excess. 1 ' 20 that, 57 not content with 
admiring, 57 they seek to embody it in new fornls. (120) 

14. So teach us to number our days, 121 that we may apply our hearts unto 
wisdom. (121) 



,k 



. ^^■^■z ^-.^.- ff'-jtjtj^ ■ ,.. 



^m PARENTHETICAL CLAUSES, m 

T -- ' ■^* i *3P3$tf*, h ** b -' J — T 



Under this head must be included not only clauses, but 
such shorter expressions as are wholly independent of the 
context. 

The Parenthesis or the Parenthetical Expression must 
always be set off by some mark ; but whether the comma, 
the dash, or the curves should be employed, depends upon 
the length of the expression, and upon the degree to which 
it partakes of the nature of the actual parenthesis. 



RULES. 

A Parenthetical Clause should be Inclosed by Dashes 

124 



When it so far coalesces as to not materially break the harmo- 
nious How of the sentence, and is itself subdivided by the 
comma. 



— 



58 



PUNCTUA TIOX 



125. When it is an echo of what precedes it, or is thrown in by way 
of explanation ; even though it is not subdivided, or does not 
constitute a clause. 

128. When by means of it the subject of the sentence is broken off, 
and is afterward resumed in the interrogative form. 

A Parenthetical Clause should be Inclosed by Curves,— 

127. When it breaks the connection of the sentence, both in utter- 

ance and in thought, by introducing something foreign to what 
the sentence was originally intended to express. 

128. When it is an expression — often an abbreviated one — standing 

apart from the context, and added by way of explanation, or 
in reference to some other passage. 

129. When, in reports of speeches, the clause— frequently abbreviated 

to a single word— is thrown in to express the sense of the 
audience, or to identify some person referred to. Such ex- 
pressions sometimes occur at the close of sentences. 

The Accompanying Marks to be used in connection with 
the dashes or curves that inclose parenthetical expressions, 
are to be determined and placed according to the following 
rules : — 

130. The mark used in connection with the curves or dashes must 

be the same that would be required to separate the parts of 
the sentence if the parenthetical expression were removed. 

131. The accompanying mark should be placed before each of the 

dashes, but after the last curve, no mark being required in 
connection with the first curve. 

132. But in case the parenthetical expression is interrogative or ex- 

clamatory, the accompanying mark should be placed before 
the first curve, as well as before the first dash ; and the in- 
terrogation point or the mark of exclamation should be placed 
before the last curve or dash. 

133. But when the main passage, instead of the parenthesis, is in- 

terrogative or exclamatory, the interrogation point or the mark 
of exclamation should be placed immediately after the main 
passage, and the mark that indicates the character of the pa- 
renthesis should be placed before the last curve. (See ex. 13, 
page 60.) 

134. When the parenthesis is not connected in sense with what fol- 

lows it in the same sentence, a period should precede the last 
curve. 

135. When a parenthetical expression, explanatory or additional in 

its character, occurs at the close of a sentence, it is sometimes 
inclosed in curves, with a period after the last curve. (See 
ex. 15, page 60.) 



— E~ 



PUXCTb'A T/O.Y 



59 



136. When a parenthesis includes more than one sentence, only two 

curves should be used, one being placed before, and the other 
after, the entire passage, 

137. No mark should accompany the curves or dashes, when no mark 

would be required to separate tbe parts of the sentence in 
case the parenthesis were removed. 

138. "When a parenthesis comes immediately before an echo, the dash 

should be placed before the first curve, and also after the last 
one. 

139. When one parenthesis occurs within another, the least coalescing 

has the curves, and the other the dashes. 

140. A Parenthetical Clause, when short and coalescing, should be 

set off by the comma merely.. 



1. The whole deportment of a child is delightful. Its smile 124 — always 
so ready when there is no distress, 23 and so soon recurring when that distress 
has passed away 124 — is like an opening of the sky, 58 showing heaven beyond. (124) 

2. The truest test of a great man 125 — that, 77 at least, 77 which must secure 
his place among the highest order of great men 125 — is his having been in ad- 
vance of his age. (125) 

3. And the ear, 126 — that gathers into its hidden chambers all music and 
gladness, 126 — would you give it for a kingdom? (126) 

4. But I strive, 77 too 127 (you can bear me witness that I do) 127 , that it 
should be, uo while I sit upon it, 140 an honored, 22 unpolluted seat. (127) 

5. Before giving way to anger, 85 try to find a reason for not being angry. 
128 (See Rule 85, example 1, page 49.) 128 (128) 

6. I do not know but I should act more advisedly to leave his cogent and 
persuasive statement to produce its natural effect, 109 without any attempt on my 
part to enforce it. 129 (No.) 129 (129) 

7. In pure description, 130 — such as is not warmed by passion, 83 or deep- 
ened by philosophical reflection, 130 — Shelley is a great master. (130) 

8. Pride, in some disguise or other 127 (often a secret oi~ the proud man him- 
self), 130 is the most ordinary spring of action among men. (130) 

9. The archetypes, 66 the ideal forms of things without, 131 — if not, 140 as 
some philosophers have said, 110 in a metaphysical sense, 88 yet in a moral sense, 131 
— exist within us. (131) 

10. Men are born ecpial 127 (here I see you frowning, 88 luting your lip, 88 
and shaking your head); 131 it is circumstances only that cast their lot in 
different stations. (131) 



— E? 



60 



PUNCTUA TIO 



ii. While the Christian desires the approbation of his fellow-men, 188 
(and why should he not desire it ? 132 ) he disdains to receive their good-will by 
dishonorable means. (132) 

12. She had managed this matter so well, 182 (oh, 109 how artful a woman 
she was ! 132 ) that my father's heart was gone before I suspected it was in 
danger. (132) 

13. Who shall ascend into heaven? 133 127 (that is, 47 to bring Christ down 
from above; 133 ) or, Who shall descend into the deep? 133 (that is, 47 to bring up 
Christ again from the dead. 133 ) (133) 

14. The Frenchman, 57 first in literary fame, 57 

^(Mention him, 11 " if you please. Voltaire ? 15S — The same. 131 ) 124 
With spirit. 39 genius, 39 elocpience, 52 supplied, 58 
Lived long, 3S wrote much, 38 laughed heartily, 38 and died. (134) 

15. The next night we were introduced at the Prince of Craon's assembly 127 
(he has the chief power in the grand duke's absence). 135 The princess, etc. 

16. Brethren, be followers together of me, 23 and mark them who walk so 
as ye have us for an ensample. 136 (For many walk. 105 of whom I have told you 
often, 23, and now tell you even weeping, that they are the enemies of the cross of 
Christ ; 1112 whose end is destruction, whose god is their belly, and whose glory 
is in their shame; 102 who mind earthly things.) 131 '' For our conversation is in 
heaven.: 1 " 2 from whence also we look for the Saviour, 1 '''' the Lord Jesus Christ. 

17. I directed my sight as I was ordered, and (whether or not the good 
genius strengthened it with any supernatural force, 23 or dissipated part of the 
mist that was before too thick for the eye to penetrate) 137 I saw the valley open- 
ing at the farther end. (137) 

18. When I am old— 138 (and, 1M oh, K9 how soon 
Will life's sweet morning yield to noon, 
And noon's broad, 38 fervid, 38 earnest 54 light 
Be shaded in the solemn night ! 
Till like a story well-nigh told 
Will seem my life, 109 when I am old), — 138 
When I am old, 108 this breezy earth 
Will lose for me its voice of mirth : 102 
The streams will have an undertone 
Of sadness not by right their own. (13S) 

19. "Sir Smug," 1157 he cries 139 (for lowest at the board — 139 
Just made fifth chaplain of his patron lord ; 
His shoulders witnessing, 77 by many a shrug, 77 
How much his feelings suffered — 139 sat Sir Smug), 139 
" Your office is to winnow false from true : 
Come, 167 prophet, 107 drink, 38 and tell us what think you." 147 



20. Thus accoutred, 58 she drove on merrily, 23 and, 140 except that the red 
on her cheeks became scarlet and purple, 140 showed no signs of the weather. (140) 



PUNCTUATION. 



61 



c@§)Ct 



•§|j QUOTED EXPRESSIONS, ft 






<ll7 



A Quotation is said to be direct, when it gives the 
exact words of another ; as, He said, "I will go to-morrow? 

A Quotation is said to be indirect, when it gives the 
thought of another, without giving the exact words origin- 
ally employed ; as, " He said that he would go to-morrow." 

RULES. 

A Comma Should Separate a Quoted Expression from the 
words that introduce it, — 

141. "When it is direct, and constitutes a clause. Single words and 

short phrases, when they are not abbreviated clauses, require 
no punctuation except the quotation marks. 

142. When it is indirect, unless it is preceded by a very brief clause, 

and contains no marks of punctuation. 

143. A colon should precede a Direct Quotation, when it is long, em- 
phatic, or formally introduced by "Thus," "This," "These," "As follows," 
etc. 

144. A colon and dash should precede a Direct Quotation, when it is 
formally introduced, and put in a separate paragraph. 

No Mark should precede an Indirect Quotation, — 

145. When it is preceded by a brief clause, and contains no marks of 
punctuation within itself. 



146. When it is introduced by "What," "When, 
or "How,'' indicating a direct Question. 



Wher< 



A Direct Quotation should be Inclosed 



147. By double quotation marks in ordinary cases, and also when 
it is inclosed in a quotation that is inclosed by single quota- 
lion marks. 

14S. By single quotation marks, when it is included in a quota- 
tion that is inclosed in double quotation marks. 

149. The quotation marks may be omitted in some instances, where 
several quotations occur one within another. 

Since so much of the Bible is in direct discourse, the ([notation marks 
•(' omitted entirely. 



43=- 



62 



rUXCTl'A TTON 



t 



Remark. — When the interrogation point or the note of exclamation comes 
at the close of a quoted expression, it must precede the quotation marks, if it is 
meant to indicate the original character of the quoted expression ; but if it is 
meant to indicate the character of the sentence that includes the quotation, it 
should be placed outside the quotation marks. (See Rules 8 and 13.) Other 
points required at the close of a quotation are usually placed inside the quotation 
marks. 

EXAMPLES. 

1. A celebrated modern writer says, 141 14? " Take care of the minutes, and 
the hours will take care of themselves." 147 



2 Who would not far prefer our wintry storm, 23 and the 141 " hoarse sign- 
ing* of the east wind" 141 , 140 as it sweeps around u>, 14 " if they will brace the 
mind to nobler attainments, -■'■ aid the heart to better duties? (141) 

3. Wirt writes, 14 - that," a> a statesman, 77 Alexander Hamilton was dis- 
tinguished for the great extent of his views. (142) 

4. And he said : 143 14T " But if this country can not be spared without 
giving up that principle, 1 " 8 I was about to say I would rather be assassinated 
on this spot than surrender it. I have said nothing but what I am willing to 
live by, 108 and if it be the pleasure of the Almighty God, 108 to die by. (143) 

5. Brave men rose there and said : 14S 147 " Behold, If ' 9 ye must not tread us 
down like slaves ; and ye shall not, 25 and cannot I '' 147 (143) 

6. The Lenni Lenape Indians express by one polysyllable what with us 
requires seven monosyllables and three dissyllables; viz.: 14:! " Come with the 
canoe and take us across the river." 147 (143) 

7. The remarkable fall of this powerful monarch is thus beautifully illus- 
trated : — 144 

How art thou fallen from heaven, 1 '' 7 () Lucifer, lfi7 son of the morning ! 
Art cut down from earth, 167 thou that didst subdue the nations. (144) 

8 Coleridge said 1 * 5 he had the habit of seeking for the " good and beau- 
tiful " in all his eyes beheld. (145) 

9. He asked 14fi when Mr. Lewis and Washington Curtiss would return. (146) 

10. The psalmist says again, 141 147 "I am a stranger with thee ami a so- 
journer, 11 ™ as all my fathers were." 147 (147) 

11. He remarked, 141 147 -' Trench well says, 1 * U8 '\Yhat a world of meaning 
the word 147 " diligence " 147 contains!' 148 " 147 (147) 

12. A minister of some experience remarks, 141 1*7" I have heard more than 
one sufferer say. 141 14S - I am thankful; Cod is good to me;' 148 and, 140 when I 
heard that, 140 I said, 141 148 -It is good to be afflicted. ' 148 " 147 

13. In the Xew Testament we have the following words : 14:i 147 " Jesus 
answered the Jews. 141 148 ' Is it not written in your law, — 149 I said, 141 149 Yeare 

gods. 149 ?1S2 '148 »H7 ( I49 ) 



PUNCTUATION. 



63 



<*^0&A*^ 



■^mmM^^^^cmn^ 




PUNCTUATION PECULIAR TO 



mmmm sesterces. 




-^ZC^I i^>-~ii z*'Join*~ 






COMPOUND Sentences are made up of principal clauses 
_^ coordinately combined. 

ti|v> .£>. — Fools make feasts, and wise men eat them. 

T 

They will be considered under three heads : Coor- 
dinate Clauses, Siipplementary Clauses, and Important Divis- 
ions. 

Supplementary Clauses are regarded as principal clauses, 
but they approach more nearly to subordinate clauses than 
do others of their class. They are addative in their nature, 
being appended to a sentence to express some after-thought, 
— an inference, illustration, or remark ; or to answer some 
expectation raised by a preceding clause, etc. 



/. 



T~*_ 



■Q^aj^g (§t±^®) 999^^3 ^ 



•—-> '1 



COORDINATE CLAUSES. |f^ 



The rules for separating coordinate clauses apply to the 
couplet and series alike. 

When, in a series of clauses, no conjunction occurs be- 
tween any of the clauses but the last two, that conjunction, 
if it be the word "and", may be regarded as joining the 
entire series ; for it shows that they are all equal in rank, 
and coordinately combined. 

RULES. 

150. A comma should precede a Couplet or Series of Coordinate 

Clauses used as the object of a transitive verb, or in predicatt with the 
verb "To be." 

151. The comma should separate Coordinate Clauses, when they 
are closely related in sense, especially when they arc joined by a eon- 
junction, and not subdivided bj' the comma. 



64 



PUJS/CTUA TION 



Coordinate Clauses should be Separated by a Semicolon,— 

153. When they are not very remotely connected in sense, but have 
no conjunct ion to join them. 

153. "When slightly connected in sense, and joined by a conjunction. 

154. When not closely connected in sens.', and having no conjunction 

to join them ; but constructed alike, and short. 

155. When they are, one or more of them, divided into important 

parts by the comma. 

Coordinate Clauses should be Separated by a Colon, — 

156. When they are slightly related in sense, and are not joined by 

a conjunction. 

157 When they are, one or more of them, divided into important 
parts 1*3' the semicolon. 

158. An interrogation point and a dash should be placed between a 
Question and its Answer in the same paragraph. 

A Series of Coordinate Clauses should be Followed by a 

Comma and Dash,— 

159. When the series leads to an important conclusion, 

160. When the series seems to be intended for a subject, but is broken 

off, and resumed under a new form. 






% 



: ;♦; SUPPLEMENTARY CLAUSES. H 



RULES, 



A Supplementary Clause should be Preceded by a Sem- 
icolon,— 

161. When it denotes a cause, a contrast, or a comparison; or \vh n it 
answers an expectation raised by the preceding clause ; and for 
some such purpose is added to a sentence that would be com- 
plete without it. 

132. When it is an inference, an illustration, or a remark, appended 
to a clause already complete both in structure and in thought. 

163. A colon should precede a Supplementary Clause used as de 
scribed in Rules 161 and 162, when it is not joined to the preceding 
clause by a conjunction ; unless the verb in the second clause, being 
the same as the first, is omitted. 



PUNCTUA TION. 



65 



® fow... / ■ — ~t — — I— \^<^© 

IMPORTANT DIVISIONS. |>- 



RULES. 

A long paragraph, that might, so far as the relations 
of thought are concerned, be incorporated in a single sen- 
tence, would better be divided into separate sentences, each 
Followed by a Period, — 

164. Whenever tko great divisions are joined by the conjunction, and 

are at the same tima made up of important parts that have 
to be joined by conjunctions. 

165. When the great divisions are necessarily subdivided by the 

colon, and in some instances when they are several times sub- 
divided by the semicolon. 

Remark. — The above rules are illustrated wherever we see coordinate con- 
junctions at the beginning of sentences— as we often do, and even at the be- 
ginning of paragraphs. The conjunction and or but, at the beginning of a 
paragraph, often denotes merely the continuation of a subject that has been 
under consideration. The Bible affords many such instances. 



EXAMPLES. 

1. Philosophers assert, 150 that Nature is unlimited in her operations ; 155 
that she has inexhaustible treasures in reserve ; 155 that knowledge will always be 
progressive ; 155 and that all future generations will continue to make discov- 
eries, of which we have not the slightest idea. (150) 

2. The meaning of this is, 150 that William and the other authors of the 
Revolution were vile Whigs, 105 who drove out James for being a Radical ; 15£ that 
the crime of the king was his going farther in liberality than his subjects ; 155 that 
he was the real- champion of freedom ; 155 and that Somers, Locke, Newton. 
and other narrow-minded people of the same sort, 18 were the real bigots and 
oppressors. (150) 

3. The sun is bright, 151 the air is clear, 151 
The darting swallows soar and sing, 151 
And from the stately elms I hear 

The bluebird prophesying spring. (151) 

4. They saw not the shadow that walked beside ; 152 they heard not the 
ith silence shod. (152) 

;. A faithful man shall abound with blessings; 153 but he that maketh haste 
not be innocent. (153) 

The startled waves leap over it ; 15:! the storm 
Smites it with all the scourges of the rain ; 15:t 

And steadily against its solid form 

Press the great shoulders of the hurricane. (153) 



fee 



to be rich shall 
6. 



66 



FUXCTUA TIOX 



7. Pitiless cold had driven all who had the shelter of a roof to their 
homes ; 153 and the north-east blast seemed to howl in triumph above the un- 
trodden snow. (153) 

8. Talent repeats; 154 Genius creates. (154) 

9. The epic poem recites the exploits of a hero ; 154 tragedy represents a 
disastrous event ; 154 comedy ridicules the vices and follies of mankind ; 154 pas- 
toral poetry describes rural life ; 154 elegy displays the tender emotions of 
the heart. (154) 

10. They walked not under the Lindens, 151 
They played not in the hall ; 155 
But shadow, 37 and silence, 37 and sadness 
Were hanging over all. (155) 

11. Speech is silvern, 151 and silence is golden: 155 speech is human, 151 
silence is divine. (155) 

12. Tenderly bury the fair young dead, 58 

Pausing to drop on his grave a tear : 155 
Carve in the wooden slab at his head, 111 

"Somebody's Darling slumbers here." (155) 

13. With noiseless foot he paces the lonely hall, 5S half lighted by the 
moon ; 155 he winds up the ascent of the stairs, 23 and reaches the door of the 
chamber. (155) 

14. After so long an absence 

At last we meet again : 156 
Does the meeting give us pleasure, 23 
Or does it give us pain? (156) 

15. God Almighty gave you all the blessings of life, 151 and you set your 
heart wholly upon one, 23 and despise or undervalue all the rest : 156 is this his 
fault or yours ? (156) 

16. The door of the apartment opens ; 152 the eye of the departing sage is 
turned to see who enters: 157 it is a friend who brings him the first printed copy 
of his immortal treatise. (157) 

17. Thou comest forth in thy awful beauty: 157 the stars hide themselves 
in the sky ; 153 the moon, 57 cold and pale, 57 sinks in the western wave. (157) 

18. What roar is that? — 158 'tis the rain that breaks 
In torrents away from the airy lakes, :,s 
Heavily poured 0:1 the shuddering ground,'- 3 
And shedding a nameless horror round. (158) 

19. Did ye not hear it? — 158 No; 'twas but the wind, 23 or the car rattling 
o'er the stony street. (15S) 

20. Wherever on this earth an understanding is active to know and serve 
the truth ; 152 wherever a heart beats with kind and pure and generous affec- 
tions ; 152 wherever a home spreads its sheltering wing over husband and wife, 40 
and parent and child, — 159 there, 77 under every diversity of outward circum- 
stances, 77 the true worth and dignity and peace of man's soul are within reach 
of all. (159) 



=L 



PUNCTUA TION. 



67 



ith life ; 155 every death is only 



32. I envy no quality of mind or intellect in others, 140 be it genius, 38 
power, 3S wit, 38 or fancy ; 155 but, 140 if I could choose what would be most de- 
lightful and I believe most useful to me, 110 I should prefer a firm religious be- 
lief to every other blessing. 104 For it makes life a discipline of goodness: 43 
creates new hopes when all earthly hopes vanish ; 43 and throws over the decay.- 4 
the destruction, 35 of existence, 182 the most gorgeous of all lights ; 43 awakens life 
even in death, 23 and from corruption and decay calls up beauty and divinity ; 43 
makes an instrument of fortune, 23 and shame the ladder of ascent to Paradise ;* 8 
ar.d, 84 far above all combinations of earthly hopes, 84 calls up the most delightful 
visions of palms and amaranths, 23 and gardens of the blest, 66 the security of 
everlasting joys, where the sensualist and the skeptic view only gloom, 38 de- 
cay, 38 annihilation, 38 and despair. (164) 

^Tj. In speaking of Shakespeare, 8 "' a writer says: 143 147 " Other men may 
have led, 84 on the whole, 84 greater and more impressive lives than he ; 155 other 
men,"' 8 acting on their fellows through the same medium of speech that he used, 58 
may have expended a greater power of thought, 23 and achieved a greater intel- 
lectual effect, 34 in one consistent direction ; 165 other men, 77 too 127 (though this is 
very questionable) 127 , 131 may have contrived to issue the matter which they did 
address to the world, 182 in more compact .and perfect artistic shapes. 1 '""' But no 
man that ever lived said such splendid extempore things on all subjects univer- 
sally ; 1B5 no man that ever lived had the faculty of pouring out, 77 on all occa- 
sions, 77 such a (lood of the richest and deepest language." 117 (165) 



21. To pull down the false. 38 to build up the true, 38 and to uphold what 
there is of the true in the old, — 160 this shall be our endeavor. (160) 

22. Idleness is the parent of every vice : 161 but well-directed activity is 
the source of every laudable pursuit and worldly attainment. (161) 

23. Gabriel started up, 23 and stood rooted to the spot, 34 with astonishment 
and terror ; 161 for his eyes rested on a form which made his blood run cold. (161) 

24. Prisoners now I declare you ; 161 for such is his Majesty's pleasure. (161) | 

25. Reasoning implies doubt and uncertainty ; 102 and therefore God does 
not reason. (162) 

26. Ivy is the beauty of old ruins, 151 and your faith is not unlike it ; 162 
for it springs up so strongly from amidst fallen hopes. (162) 

27. Life is felt to be a great and gracious boon by all who enjoy its light ; 162 
and this is not too much felt. (162) 

2S. She had brought Bennie's letter with her : 103 no good, 22 kind heart, 56 
like the President's, 56 could refuse to be melted by it. (163) 

29. A clownish air is but a small defect : 103 still it is enough to make a 
man disagreeable. (163) 

30. We need to be reminded of it : 163 I here remind you. (163) 

31. Nature lives : 163 every pore is bursting 
a new birth, 151 every grave 21 c a cradle. (163) 



-*fc 



6S 



PUXCTUA TION. 




RULES. 



166. Words Emphatically Repeated should be separated by the coixmia ; 
anil a comma should follow the last Avoid, when it does not immediately 
precede a word which it limits, or an object which it governs. 

167. A word that is independent by address, together with the words 
that limit it, should be set cff by the comma; unless accompanied by 
strong emphasis or deep emotion, when it should be followed by the ex- 
clamation point. 

16S. Exclamatory words and expressions should be followed by the ex- 
clamation point. 

169. Interjections should be followed,— 

(a) By the exclamation point, when emphatic, and but slightly 

connected with what follows. 

(b) By the comma, when not emphatic, but requiring a pause. 

{c) By no point, when it forms a part of an exclamatory expression : 
the exclamation point being placed at the close of the entire 
expression. 

170. The words "Yes" and "No", when equivalent to clauses, are 

punctuated by the rules for clauses ; but when they are used as adverbs, 
they are punctuated like other adverbs. 

171. Tiie Introductory and Closing P.;rts of a Letter, since they are 
elliptical sentences, may be regarded as independent expressions. They are 
punctuated as follows : — 

[a) The Heading, consisting of the Date and Place of Residence, 
should be followed by the comma ; and a comma should 
separate, from one another, the different items of which the 
heading is composed. 

{b) The Address should be followed by the comma and dash; and 
the name of the person addressed, written on a line above the 
usual words of address, should be followed by a colon or a 
period. 

(c) The Subscription and the Superscription should each be followed 

by a period, and their parts should be separated by the 



-*— 














PUNCTUA TION. 


69 ! 








EXAMPLES. 










I. The dew hangs thick on the fringed thorn, 151 

And the frost shrinks back, 56 like a beaten hound, 56 
Under the steaming 166 steaming ground. (166) 








2. Slowly,™ slowly, 166 slowly, 166 the days succeeded each other, 7 *- 
and weeks and months. (166) 


—days 






3- 


Gone is the long, 166 long winter night. (166) 








4- 


Deep, 166 deep, 166 each autumn flower they hide. (166) 

5. Farewell, 167 ye mountains, 161 ye beloved glades 161 

Ye lone and peaceful valleys 161 fare ye well ! (167) 

6. A wind came up out of the sea, 23 

And said, 167 " mists 161 make room for me." 11 ' (167) 








7- 


Ah, 169 brother Z 167 only I and thou are left of all that circle now. 

8. Earth ! 16 " with gladness ever fraught, 56 
No added charm thy face has found. (167) 


(167) 






9- 


Bingo, 166 why Bingo! 168 hey, 166 hey 17S — here, 166 here! 168 (16S) 








IO. 


A Daniel come to judgment ! 168 yea, 170 a Daniel. (168) 

11. O God! 168 I cannot bear this doubt 
That stifles breath. 16S) 








12. 

a lovely 


Alas ! 169 the sweetness of Annette's manners was not the beaming of 
spirit. (169) 






J 3- 

trees. ( 


Ugh! 109 the old men all responded from their seats beneath the 

69) 


pine- 






14. 


O, 169 wash away these scarlet sins! (169) 








*5- 


Oh 169 for a lodge in some vast "wilderness ! (169) 

16. Ah ! 169 what would the world be to us 
If the children were no more ? (169) 








17- 


my brother! 169 I am not as thou art. (169) 








iS. Was he insensitive, ami stupidly resigned to his fate ? Nay 
was keenly alive to his condition. (170) 


179 he 






19. His wife, S4 on being told of the loss of the steamer, 83 and that 
bly the commander was saved, 84 instantly replied, 1 * 1 "No : i;o if any one i> 
he is lost ; 161 for he would save every one before he could think of himself." 1 * 7 


possi- 
OSt,"" 

(170) 






20. 


Yes, 170 it is well. (170) 








21. 


No, 170 no, 170 it can never be. (170) 








22. 


Ay. ,; " be silent. (170) 








23. 


For Examples on Rule 171, see page 29. 


I 















70 



PUNCTUA TION. 



3 3-» 



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RULES. 



The Period and Dash, 



172. Should follow a "Side Head'' to a paragraph. 

173. Should precede an author's name, or other authority quoted at 

the close of a paragraph. 

174. Should separate the word "Section," or "Chapter," with its 

numeral, from a heading on the same line. 

The Dash may be used, — 

175. To mark the omission of letters or figures. 

176. At the end of a broken line that is resumed in another paragraph. 

177. Where a sentence breaks off abruptly, and the subject is changed. 

178. Where the sense is suspended, and is continued after a short 

interruption. 

179. Where a significant or long pause is required. 

180. Where there is an unexpected or epigrammatic turn in the sentiment 

181. A period should follow all abbreviated words ; and also tin liter- 
als expressed in the Roman notation, and employed to distinguish para- 
graphs or to make emphatic the terms of a couplet or series. 

The Comma,— 

182. May be either inserted or omitted to prevent ambiguity. 

183. May sometimes be omitted in its least important uses, when the 

use of it would weaken the force of other commas that are in- 
dispensable in the sentence. 

184. In cases where it seems doubtful whether any mark is required, 

it is generally better to omit the point ; for it is a worse error 
to use too many points than it is to use too few. 

EXAMPLES. 

i. Midnight. 172 — I have just come below, 50 lost in the wondrous beauty 
of the night, 58 etc. (172) 



,r 











♦-X 






~r-m 




PUNCTUATION. 71 






2. 


It is a good divine that follows his own instructions. — ^Shakespeare. 






3 


He heard the plaintive Nubian songs again, 23 

And mule-bells, 58 tinkling down the mountain paths of Spain. 






4- 


—™ Whit tier. (173) 
Chapter X. — m Prepositions. (174) 






5- 


Lesson 73. — m The Unjust Steward. (174) 






6. 


Rule I.— 174 Articles. (174) 






7- 


General W 175 n fell at the battle of Bunker Hill. (175) 






8. 


Matthew 9: 6- 175 9. (175) 






9- 


A noun or pronoun should be put — 17G 
In the nominative case, — 50 

When it is the subject of a sentence or clause ; 

When used in predicate with the copula ; 

When in apposition with any word in the nominative case. (176) 






IO. 


Shakespeare, 39 Milton, 39 Wordsworth, 39 Tennyson, — 177 the words of 






such men do not stale upon us, 151 they do not grow old or cold. (177) 






. 11. 


Behold the picture ! — 178 Is it like ? — 178 Like whom ? — 173 Cowper. 






12. 


Men will wrangle for religion, 39 write for it, 39 fight for it, 39 anything 182 






but— 17S live for it. (178) 








13. 117 " What of the night, 167 watchman? 








What of the night? " li7 








117 " Cloudy— 179 all quiet- 179 








No land yet— 179 all's right." (179) 






14. 


I saw — 180 or was it that I dreamed ? (180) 

15. The mountains look on Marathon — 1S0 
And Marathon looks on the sea. (180) 






16. 


I. 181 The age of MSS. 181 is, 77 in some instances, 77 known by dates 






inserted 


in them. (181) 






17- 


Dr. 181 H. 181 Marsh/' 6 F. 181 R. 181 S. 181 , 22 etc. 181 , 06 Bishop of Peterbor- 






ough ; 155 


b. 181 1757,2s d. 181 1839. (iSO 






18. 


Within, 182 it is desolate and lonely. (182) 






19. 


Upon itself alone, 182 depends the power of circumstance to embitter 






or to ch 


arm. (182) 






' 1 ' 




*-t 









CoirteirU of 'Part Yliree. 



^7F : .' z Zj,_ a CJ-. ijdV^C) 



TITLES, HEADINGS, I AND 0, Rule i. - 73 

NAMES OF DEITY. 

Nouns, Rules 2-4. - 73 

Pronouns, Rules 5,6. - - - - 74 

Adjectives, Rule 7. 74 

Two Nouns, Rules 8, 9. - - ...... 74 

Nouns and Adjectives, Rule 10. 75 

PROPER NAMES. 

Proper Nouns, Rule II. - - - - - - - - "75 

Derived Words, Rules 12, 13. ------- 75 

Noun Personified, Rule 14. -------- 75 

Common Nouns made Specific, Rules 15-20. - - - - 76 

Adjective and Proper Noun, Rule 21. - - - - - - 77 

Adjective and Common Noun, Rule 22. 77 

Possessive Case and Common Noun, Rule 23. - 77 

Two Nouns, Rule 24. - - - - . - - - - 77 

Special Cases, Rule 25. --------- 78 

TITLES AND EPITHETS. 

Titles of Honor, Office, etc., Rule 26. 78 

Epithets, Rule 27. ---------- 78 

Titles without Honor, Rule 28. ...... 78 

Titles Explanatory, Rule 29. -------- 79 

Particular Words, Rule 30. -------- 79 

Early Christian Writers, Rule 31. - - - - - - - 79 

Titles Used alone in a General Sense, Rule 32. - - - - 79 

Titles Used alone in a Specific Sense, Rule ^^. - - - - 80 

Titles Used alone in Address, Rule 34. ----- 80 

Titles of Office in Reports and Rules of Societies, Rule 35. - - 80 

CHIEF WORDS. 

Quoted Titles of Books, etc., Rule 36. - ... 80 

Important Documents, etc., Rule 37. ------ Si 

Leading Thoughts, Rule 38. ------- 81 

Denoting Great Events, Rule 39. ------- 81 

FIRST WORDS. 

Distinct Sentence, Rule 40. ....... 8l 

Line of Poetry, Rule 41. - - ------ 81 

Independent Expressions, Rule 42. ------ 82 

Part of a Sentence Separately Paragraphed or Numbered, Rule 43. - 82 

Direct Quotation, etc., Rule 44. ------- 82 

Resolution, etc., Rule 45. -------- 82 



USE OF CAPITALS. 



H 






<~ PHRT I TUP^P * $. -? ^ ^- 



1/ 



PSRT THREE 



'£&t> 



o 



IP 



a 






I ! 



(, F^ULES FOR THEIR_ USE. _.) 



fp H " 512>"' i|: vf" rs ^ 

^ ■'■ , mi., Mr, ' ^ 



•A- 

t & ' 



TITLES, HEADINGS, I AND O. 

RULE 1.— Titles of bonks, headings of chapters, and the words / and 
are printed entirely in capitals. 



NAMES OF DEITY. 
RULE 2. — A noun that names God or Christ should begin with a capital. 

EXAMPLES. 

1. They transgress the divine law, and sin against the most estimable 
Benefactor. 

2. They praised Jehovah for the wheat sheaves gathered. 

3. We had a long debate upon the sonship of Jesus Christ. 

RULE 3. — Nouns commonly used to name the Deity should lake the 
small initial when used to denote false gods or men. 

EXAMPLES. 

1. For the Lord is a great God, and a great King above all , 

2. Of a truth it is that your God is a God of gods and a Lord of 



RULE 4.— Nouns commonly used to name other objects should take 
the capital initial when used figuratively to denote God ov Chris', Tin 
word spirit should begin with a capital when il means the Spirit of G. d. 

EXAMPLES. 
i. May Heaven forgive him. 

2. The world was all before them where to choos< 
Their place of rest, and Providence their guide. 

3. He is my Rock t and there is no unrighteousness in him. 

4. I wi"»l show thee the bride, the LatnPs wife. 

5. May the Spirit teach him what man cannot. 



74 USE OF CAPITALS. 

RULE 5.— A pronoun used to represent the name of the Deity com 
monly begins with a small letter. 

EXAMPLES. 

i. I am the Lord's, and he is mine. 

2. Sing unto the Lord, sing praises to his name. 

RULE 6.— A pronoun used to allude to God or Christ, but having no 
antecedent, may, for emphasis, or to prevent ambiguity, begin with a capital. 

EXAMPLES. 

I. Oh ! show me where is He, the high and holy one. 

2. When if we would trust in His wisdom 

Whose purpose we may not see, 

We should find, whatever our trials, 

As our day our strength shall be. 

3. How hard to contemplite Him as calm, unimpassioned reason; as im- 
partial, disinterested, all-comprehending love. 



RULE 7. — An adjective which by the omission of its noun comes to 
represent the Deity, should begin with a capital. 

EXAMPLES. 

1. Again the Almighty spake. 

2. He hoped to absorb himself in the One — the Infinite. 

3. Drew after him the third part of heaven's sons conjured against the 
Highest. 

RULE 8.— When a title of Deity consists of two nouns, with or with- 
out of between them, each noun begins with a capital if each is really an 
essential part of the title. 

EXAMPLES. 

1. Such could have, been planned and brought into being by none but 
the eternal Source of Life. 

2. His name was called the Word of Life. 



RULE 9.— When a title of God or Christ is a group of words con- 
sisting of two nouns, with or without of between them, the second noun 
should have a small initial if it is not an essential part of the title, but 
used merely to denote an attribute. 



Heaven opened wide 
Her ever during gates, harmonious sound 
On golden hinges moving, to let forth 
The Ling of glory, in his powerful Word 
And Spirit coming to create new worlds. 



USE OF CAPITALS. 



RULE 10.— When a title of God or Christ is a group of words con- 
sisting of an adjective and a noun, the noun always begins with a capital ; 
the adjective also takes the capital initial if it is an essential part of the 
title; otherwise it takes the small initial. 

EXAMPLES. 

1. Such place Eternal Justice had prepared. 

2. Endangered heaven's perpetual King. 

3. Know that there is an eternal Cod in heaven. 

PROPER NAMES. 

RULE 11.— All proper nouns take the capital initial. 

Ex. — In the valley of Elah, David, the young shepherd, fought with Go- 
liath, the giant of Gath. 

RULE 12. — Nouns, adjectives, and verbs derived directly frorn proper 
nouns, take the capital initial. 

EXAMPLES. 

i. The people of the new world are called Americans. 

2. So shall the Hebrew nation be translated, their very natures and their 
names be changed, and all be Hellenized. 

RULE 13. — Some adjectives and verbs derived from proper nouns have 
lost their original meaning and are not now written with a capital initial. 

EXAMPLES. 

1. Nothing is now more common than japanned ware. 

2. The cashmere shawls sold in this country are but a poor imitation of 
the real Cashmere shawls made from the hair of the Cashmere goat. 

RULE 14. — When an inanimate object is so clearly and vividly per- 
sonified as to produce in the mind a dis.inct image of a person, its name 
begins with a capital. 

EXAMPLES. 

1. Where oldest Night, and Chaos, ancestor of Nature, held eternal anarchy. 
2. There Guilt his anxious revel kept ; 
There, on his sordid pallet, slept 
Guilt-born Excess, the goblet drain'd 
Still in his slumbering grasp retain'd ; 
J\egret was there, his eye still cast 
With vain repining on the past : 
Among the feasters waited near 
Sorrow, and unrepentant Fear, 
And Blasphemy, to frenzy driven 
With his own crimes reproaching Heaven. 



^ 



76 USE OF CAPITALS. 



RULE 15. — The name of a tribe, race, or sect begins with a capital. 

EXAMPLES. 

i. The Esquimaux are short in stature. 

2. The Hottentots are a degraded people. 

3. The Algonquins were bold and warlike. 

4. We were early taught that the Circassians were the most beautiful peo- 
ple on the globe. 

5. At that time the Methodists were noted for their humility and piety. 

RULE 16. — The words negro, heathen, and pagan take the small initial. 

EXAMPLES. 

1. On thee, Jesus, all our hopes depend. In thee all power is vested, even 
power to make sinful creatures instrumental of enlightening the heathen. 

2. It is our duty to enlighten and raise the negro, not to crush him. 

3. It is the peculiarity of pagans that they worship cruel and evil spirits, 
as well as good spirits. 

RULE 17.— The name of an organized body of men, whether religious, 
social, commercial, or legislative, begins with a capital. 

EXAMPLES. 

i. The General Conference held its last session in December. 

2. When at Oxford some years ago, during the meeting of the British 
Association, I met a young Englishman of rare intelligence. 

3. When the English took possession of the island, the monopoly was 
ceded to the East India Company. 

4. The High Court of Parliament was to sit. 

5. The ardent Whig or Tory, experienced, trained to business, who rose 
and shook the House, had not more numerous, better arranged, more precise 
arguments. 

RULE 18.— The words north, south, east and west, when referring to 

sections of the country or their inhabitants, take the capital initial ; bul 
when denoting direction merely, they take the small initial. 

EXAMPLES. 

I. But the streams of the North for me. 

2. O Antioch ! my Antioch, my city ! 

Queen of the East ! my solace, my delight ! 

3. The fiery spirit of the South glowed in her w arm cheeks, and sparkled 
in her dark eyes. 

4. The wind blew all night from the south. 

5. Marshall is east of Battle Creek. 



USE OF CAPITALS. 



RULE 19. — The names of the days of the week and of the months of 
the year take the capital initial. 

EXAMPLE. 

I. He returned from Europe early in the autumn, and died on Monday, 
the nth of December. 



RULE 20.— Names of public institutions, when used in a specific sense, 
take the capital initial ; but not so when used in a general sense. 

EXAMPLES. 

i. My brother is a student in the University of Michigan. 

2. Our author long held a professorship in Harvard College. 

3. The Smithfield Academy has a good reputation. 

4. There are good scholars who never attended a college or a university. 

RULE 21.— When a proper name consists of an adjective and a proper 
noun, each word begins with a capital. 

EXAMPLES. 

1. The people of South America are chiefly Roman Catholics. 

2. The ship set sail from New Amsterdam. 

3. The stream is called the Little Kanawha. 

RULE 22. — When an adjective and common noununite to form a proper 
name, the adjective always begins with a capital, but in regard to the noun, 
usage is divided ; more comrnonty, however, it begins with a capital. 

EXAMPLES. 

1. The Sahara, or Great Desert, is a vast table-land. 

2. The White Mountains are in New Hampshire. 

3. The Red River of the North empties into Lake Winnepeg. 

RULE 23.— When a proper name is made up of the possessive case 
and a common noun, each word begins with a capital. 

EXAMPLES. 

1. The Rebels were strongly posted at Harper's Ferry. 

2. Off the coast of Massachusetts lies an island called Martha's Vineyard. 



RULE 24.— When a proper name consists of two nouns with or without 
of between them, each noun usually begins with a capital. 

EXAMPLES. 

i. The Mountains of the Moon were once supposed to traverse Central 
Africa from west to east. 



USE OF CAPITALS. 



2. This region includes all the country east of the Andes, and south of 

the River Negro. 

3. Africa is connected with Asia by the Isthmus of Suez. 

RULE 25.— In some instances when a common noun is placed before 
a proper noun to form a complex proper name, the first noun begins with 
a small letter. This is especially noticeable in the Bible. 

EXAMPLES. 

1. After these things, Jesus went over the sea of Galilee, which is the 
sea of Tiberias. 

2. And said unto him, "Go, wash in the pool of Siloam." 

3. And he came out, and went, as he was wont, to the mount of Olives. 

4. And the glory of the Lord abode on mount Sinai, and the cloud cov- 
ered it six days. 

TITLES AND EPITHETS. 

RULE 26.— A title prefixed to a proper name for the purpose of show- 
ing honor, office, or distinction, begins with a capital. 

EXAMPLES. 

1. I learn a new truth when I discover that Prince Albert is mortal. 

2. He went and took his place at the table of his great friend, the Earl 
of Oxford. 

3. He returned to England with the Duke of Monmouth. 

RULE 27. — An epithet of distinction differs from a title, in that the 
title is a noun, while the epithet is an adjective. The epithet follows the 
name, and should begin with a capital. 

EXAMPLES. 

1. And had James the Second no private virtues? 

2. In the year 1476, Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy, laid siege to 
the town of Nancy. 

3. Thus the famous royal mantle of Tamehameha the Great is completely 
covered with golden plumage. 

4. Calm he enjoyed, by Greta's wave, 

The peace which James the Peaceful gave. 



RULE 28. — A title prefixed to a proper name without any design of 
conferring honor, may begin with a small letter. 

EXAMPLES. 

i. The emperor Nero was a cruel tyrant. 

2. These were dukes of the sons of Esau : the sons of Eliphaz the first- 
born son of Esau ; duke Teman, duke Omar, duke Zepho, duke Kenaz, duke 
Korah, duke Gatam, and duke Amalek. 



USE OF CAPITALS. 



RULE 29.— In using a title with a proper name, if either the title or 
the name is used in an explanatory sense, the title takes the small initial. 



1. In the meantime, Lucullus had been winning victories over Mithridates 
and his son in-law Tigranes, king of Armenia. 

2. And they possessed his land, and the land of Og, king of Bashan. 

3. Having entered the church, Clarke found a patron and friend in Dr. 
Moore, bishop of Norwich. 

4. Our mighty sovereign, Abbas Carascan; — David, the king / — Tidal, king 
of nations ; — Bonner, bishop of London. 



RULE 30. — The words father, mother, uncle, sister, brother, etc., when 
prefixed to proper names, take the capital initial. Otherwise thej- take 
the small initial. 



1. Of all our uncles and aunts, Uncle Nathan was my favorite. 

2. And straightway Father Felician advanced with Evangeline, greeting 
the old man kindly and oft. 

3. Heaven pardon Brother Timothy. 



RULE 31. — The word fathers when referring to sages, the early Chris- 
tian writers, etc., begins with a capital. 

EXAMPLES. 

1. Our Trinitarian adversaries are perpetually ringing in our ears the names 
of Fathers and Reformers. 

2. The old Fathers of New England sought to honor the Heavens with 
substance and with first-fruits. 

3. The early Fathers were divided in opinion ; whether our Lord had that 
dignity and beauty which became so exalted a person, or whether he was un- 
comely or insignificant in appearance. 



RULE 32.— When a title is used alone, in a general sense, it begins 

with a small letter. 

F.XAMPLES. 

1. On her arrival, she was immediately recognized by the viceroy. 

2. Sylla a distinguished Roman general, being sent against him, defeated 
him in several battles. 

3. The bishop next gave him a living at Norwich. 

4. Envious they mark my silken train, 
Nor think a countess can have woe. 



SO USE OF CAPITALS. 



RULE 33.— When a title is used alone in a Specific sense, virtually 
representing the name, it sometimes begins with a capital. 

EXAMPLES. 

1. Our dear friend, the General, whom I truly love, in his last letter mor- 
tified me not a little. 

2. "The Signor did not hunt to-day," she said. 

3. "Please to set a chair for his Majesty, Frank," says the Colonel to 
his companion. 

4. In Rokeby-hall the cups were filled, 
And by the huge stone chimney sate 
The Knight in hospitable state. 

RULE 34. — A title used in address, sometimes begins with a capital 
and sometimes with a small letter, usage being divided. 

EXAMPLES. 

1. But be she alive, or be she dead, 

I fear, stern Earl, 's the same to thee. 

2. Awake, Sir King, the gate-, unspar ! 

3. My lord, I think I saw him yesternight. 

4. And the king of Israel answered and said, My lord, O king, according 
to thy saying, I am thine, and all that I have. 



RULE 35.— Titles of office when they occur in rules and reports of 
societies, take the capital initial. 



1. The Constitution was then read and adopted, and the following officers 
were elected : President, Oliver Philips ; Secretary, George Thompson ; Treas- 
urer, Thomas Murphy. 

2. The officers of this Association shall be a President, two J'ice-Presi- 

dents, a Secretary, and a Treasurer. 

CHIEF WORDS. 

RULE 36. — The chief words in the quoted titles of books, newspapers, 
periodicals, ships, etc., take the capital initial. 

EXAMPLES. 

1. Even in his political journals, The Freeholder and The Examiner, he 
(Addison) never departed from a tone of candor, moderation, and good breeding. 

2. Whenever she came across any one who knew the Ocean King, she 
heard that it would most likely be in dock by the end of October. 

3. T. S. Arthur for many years has been the editor and proprietor of 
Arthur's Home Magazine. Three Years in a Man-Trap, is one of his latest 
works. 



USE OF CAPITALS. 81 



RULE 37. — Chief words in the quoted titles of important documents 
Sacred Writings, etc., take the capital initial. 

EXAMPLES. 

1. Of all the Acts that have ever been passed by Parliament, the Toleration 
Act is perhaps that which most strikingly illustrates the peculiar vices and the 
peculiar excellences of English legislation. 

2. This seems plainly exemplified in the New Testament. 

3. It is peculiarly interesting to see with what eagerness he drinks in the 
truths from the Scriptures. 

4. The Gospels give an account of the life and teachings of our Lord. 



RULE 38.— In advertisements, synopses, etc., words suggesting leading 
thoughts, may be made prominent by using the capital initial. This may 
sometimes be done in ordinary composition, but much care should be taken 
not to violate the principles of good taste. 

EXAMPLES. 

1. Specimen copies for examination will be sent to Teachers and Committees. 

2. KrusVs Primary Drawing cards; in Two Parts, with Instructions 
for Drawing, and a Test Rule. 



RULE 39. — Words denoting great events in politics or religion take 
the capital initial. 

EXAMPLES. 

1. The Reformation is an event long past. 

2. He saw nothing but evil in the French Revolution. 

3. The asceticism of the Republic produced the debauchery of the Resto- 
ration. 

FIRST WORDS. 
RULE 40.— The first word of a distinct sentence begins with a capital. 

EXAMPLE. 

1. The house had been large and handsome. It was built in a manner 
common at the South. A wide veranda of two stories ran around every part 
of the house. 

RULE 41.— The first word of a line of poetry begins with a capital. 

EXAMPLE. 

1. Shut in from all the world without 

We sat the clean-winged hearth about, 
Content to let the north wind roar 
In baffled rage at pane and door, 
While the red logs before us beat 
The frost-line back with tropic heat. 



82 USE OF CAPITALS. 



RULE 42. — The first word of an independent expression begins with 
capital. 

EXAMPLES. 

i. The salutation by the hand of me, Paul. 

2. The song of songs, which is Solomon's. 

3. The elder unto the well-beloved Gaius, whom I love in the truth. 



RULE 43. — The first word of a dependent part of a sentence begins 
with a capital, when separately paragraphed, or numbered. 

EXAMPLES. 

1. A noun or a pronoun should be put — 

In the nominative case, — 

When it is the subject of a sentence or clause ; 
When used in predicate with the copula. 

2. A substantive is, — ' 

1. A noun ; or a letter, sign, or figure, used to represent its own 

name. 

2. A word, phrase, or clause, used in the office of a noun. 

3. Comparison is indicated, — 1. By changing the form of the adjective : 
2. By changing the word ; 3. By adding other words. 



RULE 44.— The first word of a direct quotation, a distinct speech, or a 
full example, begins with a capital. 

EXAMPLES. 

1. One of the evangelists says, "Jesus wept." 

2. These two questions, " What are we ? " and " Whither do we tend ? " 
will at times press painfully upon us. 

3. Remember the maxim : Know thyself. 

4. The name of an object personified, when it conveys an idea strictly 
individual, should begin with a capital ; as, " Upon this, Fancy began to bestir 
herself. ' ' 



RULE 45. — The first word of a resolution or an enactment begins with 
a capital. 

EXAMPLES. 

1. Resolved j That a committee of three be appointed to investigate the 
matter. 

2. Be it enacted, That at the next general meeting, etc. 



=E*" 



MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES. 



83 




^M 



I. Beautiful 
Are all the thousand snow-white gems that lie 
In these mysterious chambers, 58 gleaming out 
Amid the melancholy gloom ; 155 and wild 
These rocky hills and cliffs and gulfs ; 155 but far 
More beautiful and wild, 20 the things that greet 
The wanderer in our world of light, 49 — the stars 
Floating on high, 57 like islands of the blest ; 43 
The autumn sunsets glowing like the gate 
Of far-off Paradise ; 43 the gorgeous clouds 
On which the glories of the earth and sky 
Meet, 24 and commingle ; 43 earth's unnumbered flowers 
All turning up their gentle eyes to heaven ; 43 
The birds, 56 with bright wings glancing in the sun, 58 
Filling the air with rainbow miniatures j* 8 
The green old forests surging in the gale j 43 
The everlasting mountains, 105 on whose peaks 
The setting- sun burns like an altar flame. 



2. Nay, 170 do not thank me ; 161 for I have gained in this interview a 
knowledge which I could never have acquired through years of conquest, 75 — 
that human love is greater than kingly power, 151 and that mercy is sweeter than 
vengeance ! 

3. Suddenly a flush 
Shot o'er her forehead, 151 and along her lips 28 
And through her cheek the rallied color ran ; 16S 
And the still outline of her graceful form 
Stirr'd in the linen vesture ; 153 and she clasped 
The Saviour's hand, 23 and fixing her dark eyes 
Full on his beaming countenance, 179 — arose ! 

4. The moss-covered vessel I hailed as a treasure ; 162 

For often at noon, 108 when returned from the fit-Id, 108 
I found it the source of an exquisite pleasure, 57 
The purest and sweetest that nature can yield. 

5. 'Twas throwing words away ; 162 for still the little maid would have her 
will and say, 141 u7 " Nay, 170 we are seven." 147 



84 MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES. 



6. Oh, deem not they are blest alone 

Whose lives a peaceful tenor keep : 163 
The Power who pities man has shown 
A blessing for the eyes that weep. 

7. To read with attention, 39 exactly to define the expression of our 
authors, 39 never to admit a conclusion without comprehending its reasons, 39 often 
to pause, 39 reflect, 39 and interrogate ourselves, 160 — these are so many advices 
which it is easy to give, 25 but difficult to follow. 

8. A cloud lay cradled near the setting sun, 151 

A gleam of crimson tinged its braided snow : 15H 
Long had I watched the glory moving on 
O'er the still radiance of the lake below. 

9. The shadows flicker to and fro ; 152 the crickets chirp ; 152 the lights burn 
low : 156 'tis nearly twelve o'clock. 

10. But it is the cradle and refuge of free principles, 84 though often per- 
secuted ; 43 the school of religious liberty, 57 the more precious for the struggles 
through which it has passed ; 43 the tombs of those who have reflected honor on 
all who speak the English tongue ; 43 it is the birthplace of our fathers, 22 the 
home of the Pilgrims, 159 — it is these which I love and venerate in England. 

11. l«"0, 167 child" 127 (the herald wept) 127 , 131 l«"60c T i s as the dear Lord 
wills: 156 he knoweth best, 151 and, 140 be it life or death, 140 'tis well." 147 

12. Heaped in the hollows of the grove, 58 the autumn leaves lie dead : 18,i 
they rustle to the eddying gust, 23 and to the rabbit's tread. 

13. Lay down the ax ; 154 fling by the spade : 151 leave in its track the 
toiling plow. 

14. His sails of white sea- mist 

Dripped with silver rain ; 155 
But where he passed, 108 there were cast 
Leaden shadows o'er the main. 

15. It was now dew-fall ; 152 very still 
The night lay on the lonely hill 

Down which our homeward steps we bent. 

16. Speaking of Halleck, 58 an able critic has remarked : 143 147 " His theory 
of poetic expression is that of the most popular masters of English verse 75 — 
manly, 39 clear, 39 vivid, 39 warm with genuine emotion, 39 or sparkling with true 
wit. ' ' 

17. The entire space, 140 though a most living picture, 140 was noiseless, 38 
airy, 38 and clean 75 — a field of many colors, 57 full of sunshine, 38 foliage, 38 and 
flags. 

18. Judging by this standard, 125 the power of creating understanding 
within those whom he addresses, 125 — Hawthorne takes rank with the highest 
order of artists. 



MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES. SO 



19. We sit around the fireside, 151 and the angel feared and dreaded by 
us all comes in, 151 and one is taken from our midst. Hands that have caressed 
us, 22 locks that have fallen over us like a bath of beauty, 18 are hidden beneath 
shroud-folds. We see the steep edges of the grave, 23 and hear the heavy rumble 
of the clods ; 155 and, 84 in the burst of passionate grief, 84 it seems that we can 
never still the crying of our hearts. But the days rise and set, 84 dimly at' 
first ; seasons come and go ; 102 and little by little the weight rises from the 
heart, 151 and the shadows drift from before the eyes, 109 till we feel again the spirit of 
gladness, 23 and see again the old beauty of the world. 

20. Go, 23 hear, 39 and see, 39 and feel, 39 and know 
All that my soul hath felt and known : 15G 
Then look upon the wine cup's glow, 151 
See if its brightness can atone. 

21. Lost, 38 stolen, 38 or strayed, 66 a good ancient practice 74 — the good ancient 
practice of learning by heart. 

22. 147 " Thy kingdom come" 147 — 180 there is a sublime and pregnant burden 
in this prayer. 

23. The most beautiful thing I have seen at sea 125 — all the more so that 
I had never heaixl of it 125 — is the trail of a shoal of fish through the phosphor- 
escent water. 

24. She sings by her wheel at that low cottage-door, 105 
Which the long evening shadow is stretching before, 105 
With a music 122 as sweet as the music which seems 
Breathed softly and faint in the ear of our dreams. 

25. As bird and flower made plain of old 
The lesson of the Teacher, 121 
So now I heard the written Word 
Interpreted by Nature. 

26. As the rose breatheth sweetness from its own nature, 121 so the heart 
of the benevolent man produceth good works. 

27. I would rather be the humblest man in the world, 118 than barely to 
be thought greater than the greatest. 

28. It elevates him above the darkness, 111 that he may see better the great 
heights that are above him. 

29. But mostly he watches with eager search 
The belfry-tower of the Old North Church, 109 
As it rose above the graves on the hill, 57 
Lonely, 37 and spectral, 37 and somber, 37 and still. 

30. There is an evening twilight of the heart, 109 

When its wild passion-waves are lulled to rest, 151 
And the eye sees life's fairy scenes depart, 109 
As fades the day-beam in the rosy west. 



86 MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES. 



31. We sat within the farm-house old, 105 

Whose windows, 58 looking o'er the bay, 58 
Gave to the sea-breeze, 57 damp and cold, 57 
An easy entrance, 95 night and day. 

32. There, 82 all is light and gladness : 156 here, 82 all is darkness and sorrow. 

33. That little brook was fringed with other flowers, 74 — white flowers, 56 
with crystal leaf and stem, 105 that grew in clear November nights. 

34. So goes the world ; 152 — 179 if wealthy, you may call this, 182 friend, 39 
that, 182 brother, 39 — 179 friends and brothers all. 

35. Just then the meditations of the Earl 
Were interrupted by a little girl, 57 
Barefooted, 39 ragged, 39 with neglected hair, 59 
Eyes full of laughter, 22 neck and shoulders bare, 59 
A thin slip of a girl. 

36. In lowly dale, 57 fast by a river's side, 57 

With woody hill o'er hill encompassed round, 58 
A most enchanting wizard did abide. 

37. Thou hast been out upon the deep at play, 58 
Riding all day the wild blue waves till now, 
Roughening their crests, and scattering high their spray, 
And swelling the white sail. 

38. Meanwhile, 77 we did our nightly chores, 49 — 

Brought in the wood from out of doors, 38 
Littered the stalls, 38 and from the mows 
Raked down the herd's-grass for the cows. 

39. Dropping his cross-wrought mantle, 58 

147 "Wear this," the Angel said; 102 
147 "Take thou, 167 O Freedom's priest, 167 its sign, 49 — 
The white, 38 the blue, 38 and red." 

40. Buckled knee and shoe, 23 and broad-brimmed hat ; 43 

Coat as ancient as the form 'twas folding ; 43 
Silver buttons, 38 queue, 38 and crimped cravat ; 43 " 
Oaken staff his feeble hand upholding, 56 — 179 
There he sat ! 
Buckled knee and shoe, 23 and broad-brimmed hat. 

41. Not far away we saw the port, 66 

The strange, 39 old-fashioned, 39 silent town, 66 
The light house, 39 the dismantled fort, 89 
The wooden houses, 57 quaint and brown. 

42. The shrub is taller than the flower which grows in its shade ; 152 the 
tree, 20 than the shrub ; 152 the rock, 20 than the tree ; 152 the mountain, 20 than the 
single rock ; 152 and above all are the sun and the heavens. 



MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES. 



87 



43. Up the long ascent it moved, 75 — that shadow of our mortal sorrow 
and perishable earthly estate, 71 — that shadow of the dead man's hearse, 7 * — along 
the way his feet have often trod, 39 past the spring over whose brink he may 
have often bent with thirsting lip, 39 past lovely green glades, 38 mossy banks, 3S 
and fairy forests of waving ferns, 105 on which his eye had often dwelt with a 
vague and soft delight ; 155 and so past out of our view. 161 But its memory 
passed not out of our hearts that day. 



44- 



There it lay 125 — the beautiful lake 1 - 



its folds of crystal 



44. ±ncic il iLiy — uie ueauuim lake*™ — swaying 11s ioius 01 ciyh 
water between the hills that guarded it from its birth. There it lay, 57 placid __ 
a sleeping child, 57 the tall pines on the surrounding summits standing like so 
many motionless and watchful sentinels for its protection. 

45. My little birds, 167 with backs as brown 

As sand, 23 and throats as white as frost, 56 
I've searched the summer up and down, 23 
And think the other birds have lost 

The tunes you sang so sweet, 22 so low, 34 
About the old house, 95 long ago. 

46. Hands of angels, 58 hidden from mortal eyes, 58 shifted the scenery of 
the heavens ; 152 the glories of night dissolved into the glories of the dawn. 
The blue sky now turned more softly gray ; 154 the great watch- stars shut up 
their holy eyes ; 154 the east began to kindle. Faint streaks of purple soon 
blushed along the sky ; 155 the whole celestial concave was filled with the inflow- 
ing tides of the morning light, 105 which came pouring down from above in one 
great ocean of radiance ; 155 till at length, 110 as we reached the Blue Hills, 110 a 
flash of purple fire blazed out from above the horizon, 23 and turned the dewy 
tear-drops of flower and leaf, into rubies and diamonds. In a few seconds, 
the everlasting gates of the morning were thrown wide open, 151 and the lord ot 
day, 58 arrayed in glories too severe for the gaze of man, 58 began his state. 



47. The western waves of ebbing day 

Roll'd o'er the glen their level way ; 152 
Each purple peak, 22 each flinty spire, 34 
Was bathed in floods of living fire. 164 
But not a setting beam could glow 
Within the dark ravines below, 105 
Where twined the path in shadow hid, 
Round many a rocky pyramid, 58 
Shooting abruptly from the dell 
Its thunder-splinter'd pinnacle ; loa 
Round many a insulated mass, 66 
The native bulwark of the pass, 57 
Huge as the tower which builders vain 
Presumptuous piled on Shinar's plain. 

48. The forms of my kindred faded into phantoms of the past} 78 st 

sit now in the place that once was mine: 1 " 2 but yet, thou art lovely 
beloved in thy ruin.'-"-' in thy desolation 75 city of my heart 74 — city of my 
- city of my childish joy 71 oh ! 169 city of my dead ! 



rangers 

, 22 still 

love 7 ' 



88 MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES. 



49. This is the forest primeval ; 155 but where are the hearts that beneath it 
Leaped like the roe, 109 when he hears in the woodland the voice of 

the huntsman ? 
Where is the thatch-roofed village, 06 the home of Acadian farmers, 75 — 
Men whose lives glided on like rivers that water the woodlands, 58 
Darkened by shadows of earth, 23 but reflecting an image of 

heaven ? 
Waste are those pleasant farms, 151 and the fanners forever departed ! 
Scattered like dust and leaves, 109 when the mighty blasts of October 
Seize them, 39 and whirl them aloft, 39 and sprinkle them far o'er the 

ocean. 
Naught but tradition remains of the beautiful village of Grand Vrx. 

50. Two little urchins at her knee 

You must paint, 167 Sir : 156 one like me, 179 — 

The other with a clearer brow, 23 

And the light of his adventurous eyes 

Flashing with boldest enterprise : 156 

At ten years old he went to sea, 125 — 

God knoweth if he be living now, 125 — 

He sailed in the good ship "Commodore," 179 — 

Nobody ever crossed her track 

To bring us news, 151 and she never came back. 

Ah, 169 'tis twenty long years and more 

Since that old ship went out of the bay 

With my great-hearted brother on her deck : 156 

I watched him till he shrank to a speck, 151 

And his face was toward me all the way. 

Bright his hair was, 56 a golden brown, 56 

The time we stood at our mother's knee : 156 

That beauteous head, 140 if it did go down, 110 

Carried sunshine into the sea ! 

51. Can storied urn, 23 or animated bust, 18 

Back to its mansion call the fleeting breath ? 
Can Honor's voice provoke the silent dust, 151 
Or Flattery soothe the dull, 22 cold ear of death? 

— Gray. 

52. Who can look down upon the grave even of an enemy, 23 and not feel a 
compunctious throb, 109 that he should have warred with the poor handful of 
earth that lies mouldering before him ? — Irving. 

53. Friends, 39 Romans, 39 countrymen, 52 lend me your ears. — Shakespeare. 

54. If you have tears, 108 prepare to shed them now. — Ibid. 

55. Canst thou draw out leviathan with a hook ? i or his tongue with a 
cord which thou lettest down ?* Canst thou put a hook into his nose ? 4 or bore 
his jaw through with a thorn ?* — Job 41 : 1, 2. 

56. Good friends, 167 sweet friends, 167 let me not stir you up 
To such a sudden flood of mutiny. — Shakespeare. 



MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES. 89 



57. Hast thou entered into the treasures of the snow ? 6 or hast thou seen 
the treasures of the hail, 105 which I have reserved against the time of trouble, 24 
against the day of battle and war ? 6 -- Job 38 : 22, 23. 

58. Let me call your attention to the importance of improving your time. 2 
— Anon. 

59. Go, 38 repent, 38 and live, 151 

And with a softer heart, 85 remember mercy too. 173 

— SJiakespeare. 

60. Who was a more dextrous debater ? 6 a riper scholar ? 6 better versed in 
the politics of our own country ? 6 or deeper read in the history of others ? 6 
Above all, 77 who was more thoroughly imbued with the idiom of the English 
language ? 6 more completely master of its strength, 37 and beauty, 37 and 
delicacy? 6 or more capable of breathing thoughts of flame, 182 in words of magic 28 
and tones of silver? — Wilde. 

61. But hark ! 168 through the fast-flashing lightning of war, 85 
What steed to the desert flies frantic and far ? 

— LochiePs Warning. 

62. Why shoot to the blast 

Those embers, 95 like stars from the firmament cast? 

—Ibid. 

63. Have you read in the Talmud of old, 24 

In the legends the Rabbins have told 

Of the limitless realm of the air — 7i 

Have you read it, 49 — the marvelous story 

Of Sandalphon, 66 the Angel of Glory, 24 

Sandalphon, 66 the Angel of Prayer? 7 

— Longfellow. 

64. Comrades, 167 leave me here a little, 109 while as yet 'tis early morn ; 155 
Leave me here, 23 and when you want me, 108 sound upon the bugle- 
horn. — Tennyson. 

65. Remember now thy Creator in the days of thy youth. — Eccl. 12 : 1. 

66. Bi-eathes there the man, 56 with soul so dead, 56 
Who never to himself hath said, 141 

147 "This is my own, my native land"? 
Whose heart hath ne'er within him burned, 109 
As home his footsteps he hath turned 

From wandering on a foreign strand ? 

— Lay of the Last Minstrel. 

67. What youth is this, 85 your band among. 85 
The best for minstrelsy and song ? -Scott. 

68. I am a pebble ! but who ait thou, r,s 
Rattling along from the restless bough ? 

— The Pebble and the Atom. 



90 MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES. 



69. Papa, what does this verse mean ? 9 — 

"Make to yourselves friends of the mammon of unrighteousness, 111 that, 110 
when ye fail, 110 they may receive you into everlasting habitations." 

70. How sharper than a serpent's tooth it is, 100 
To have a thankless child ! 10 — King Lear. 

71. Oh, 169 when the heart is full, 151 when bitter thoughts 
Come crowding thickly up for utterance, 151 
And the poor common words of courtesy 
Are such a very mockery, 108 how much 
The bursting heart may pour itself in prayer !'- 

—X. P. Willis. 

72. Roll on, 167 thou deep and dark blue ocean, 167 roll ! 10 — Byron. 

73. And if thou said'st, 112 I am not peer 
To any lord in Scotland here, 57 
Lowland or Highland, 57 far or near, 57 
Lord Angus, 167 thou hast lied ! 10 

— Marmion. 

74. His beard was grizzled ? 5 — no ? — Hamlet. 

75. The first was his ardent spirit of nationality ; the second, 20 his 
repugnance to, 26 and revolt from, 26 the narrow sectarianism of his age and 
country. — Arnold's Eng. Lit., Burns. 

76. How often, 21 O 10! > how often, 35 

In the days that had gone by, 85 
I had stood on that bridge at midnight, 23 
And gazed on that wave and sky ! 

— Longfellow. 
77. " My sons I 11 my sons ! u 
Light of my eyes!" 11 the astonished father cried; 102 
"My teachers in the law! 11 whose guileless hearts 28 
And prompt obedience warned me oft to be 
More perfect with my God !" u 

— A Hebrew Tale. 

78. There is no flock, 58 however watched and tended, 58 
But one dead lamb is there ! 10 — Longfellow. 

79. As I descended ? 5 -- Macbeth. 

80. With fingers weary and worn, 22 
With eyelids heavy and red, 56 
A woman sat, 77 in unwomanly rags, 77 
Plying her needle and thread. — Hood. 

81. The disposition to defer every important design to a time of leisure 28 
and a state of settled uniformity, 11 proceeds generally from a false estimate of 
human power. — Samuel Johnson. 

82. I have lived by the sea-shore 28 and by the mountains. No, 170 I am 
not going to say which is best. The one where your place is, 16 is the best 
for you. — O. IV. Holmes. 



— £i 



MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES. 91 



83. The breezy call of incense-breathing morn, 38 

The swallow twittering from the straw-built shed, 38 
The cock's shrill clarion, 38 or the echoing horn, 18 

No more shall rouse them from their lowly bed. — Gray. 

84. Innumerable lights from its busy streets and splendid palaces, 15 were 
now reflected in the dark bosom of its noble river, 105 where stately vessels, 58 
laden with rich merchandise from all parts of the known world, 58 lay anchored in 
the port. — Jane Taylor. 

85. Cannon to right of them, 39 
Cannon to left of them, 39 
Cannon in front of them, 18 
Volleyed and thundered! — Tennyson. 

86. And yonder blue bird, 56 with the earth tinge on his breast 28 and the 
sky tinge on his back, 19 — did he come down out of heaven on that bright 
March morning when he told us so softly and plaintively that, 110 if we pleased, 110 
spring had come ? — Burroughs. 

87. The pastor rose ; 151 the prayer was strong ; 151 
The psalm was warrior David's song ; 151 
The text, 20 a few short words of might, 49 — 
"The Lord of hosts shall arm the right!" — T. B. Read. 

88. Earth received again 
Its garments of a thousand dyes ; 155 and leaves, 37 
And delicate blossoms, 37 and the painted flowers, 37 
And everything that bendeth to the dew 28 
And stirreth with the daylight, 18 lifted up 
Its beauty to the breath of that sweet morn. — N. P. Willis. 

89. This pert little winter wren, 77 for instance, 77 darting in and out the 
ence, diving under the rubbish here, and coming up yards away, 19 — how does 
he manage with those little circular wings to compass degrees and zones, and 
arrive always in the nick of time ? — Burroughs. 

90. He that can only converse upon questions about which only a small part 
of mankind have knowledge sufficient to make them curious, 11 must lose his 
days in unsocial silence. — Samuel Johnson. 

91. That land, 77 too, 77 now vanishing from my view, 58 which contained all 
that was most dear to me in life, 19 — what vicissitudes might occur in it, 151 what 
changes might take place in me, 182 before I should visit it again ! — Irving. 

92. Dryden is read with frequent astonishment, and Pope 21 with perpetual 
delight.—^. Johnson. 

93. All the woods were sad with mist, 

And all the brooks 21 complaining. — Whittier. 

94. Some mute, 2 '- inglorious Milton here may rest, 23 

Some Cromwell,"' 7 guiltless of his country's blood. — Gray. 

95. On the far sky leans the old ruined mill ; 

Through its rent sails the broken sunbeams glow, 



— \y - 

92 M ISCET.T.AX EO'^S EXAMPLES 

Gilding the trees that belt the Jower hill, 

And the old thorns which on its summit grow. — Miller. 

96. I chatter, 21 chatter, 35 as I flow 
To join the brimming river ; 
For men may come, and men may go, 
But I go on forever. --Tennyson. ' 

97. To be, 25 or not to be, 35 that is the question. — Shakespeare. 

98. The reptile all this while appeared to be conscious of, and to sport 
with, while seeking to excite, her terrors. — Siin/ns. [Such constructions as this 
should be avoided.] 

99. There is no feature in the Alpine scenery more beautiful than the wells 
and streamlets which make every hill-side bright with their sunny sparkle 28 and 
musical with their liquid murmurs. —McMillan. 

100. Sometimes he hammered in the hold, 39 
Sometimes upon the mast, 39 
Sometimes abeam, 39 sometimes abaft, 151 
Or at the bows he sang and laughed, 23 
And made all tight and fast. — Longfellow. 

101. He [William III] was too lavish of money on some occasions, 95 both 
in his buildings 27 and to his favorites. — Gilbert Burnet. 

102. The ocean old, 24 
Centuries old. 35 

Strong as youth and as uncontrolled, 57 
Paces restless to and fro, 95 
Up and down the sands of gold. — Longfellow, p. 125. 

103. And the nuns' sweet hymn was heard the while, 58 

Sung low, 182 in the dim, 22 mysterious aisle. — Longfellow, p. 8. 

104. Those inferior duties of life, which the French call the les petites 
morales, 2 * or the smaller morals, 35 are with us distinguished by the name of 
good manners or breeding. — Dean Swift, 

105. A theatrical part may either imply some peculiarity of gesture 27 or a 
dissimulation of my real sentiments. — William Pitt. 

106. Ten thousand stars were in the sky, 151 
Ten thousand 21 in the sea. — Anon. 

107. Excursions of fancy 28 and flights of oratory, are indeed pardonable in 
young men, 25 but in no other. — Robert Walpole. 

108. The day is done ; 155 and slowly from the scene 
The stooping sun upgathers his spent shafts, 23 
And puts them back into his golden quiver. — Longfellow-. 

109. And neither the angels in heaven above 27 
Nor the demons down under the sea. 11 
Can ever, dissever my soul from the soul 
Of the beautiful Anabel Lee.— Poe. 



43-» 



MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES. 93 



no. Among the long black rafters 

The wavering shadows lay. — Longfellow. 

in. The whole roof hung with solid icicles, transparent as glass, 25 yet 
solid as marble. — Goldsmith. 

112. Of praise a mere glutton, he swallowed what came, 
And the puff of a dunce, he mistook it for fame ; 
Till, his relish grown callous almost to disease, 
Who pepper'd the highest was surest to please. — Goldsmith. 

113. Ninety times have I already seen the change of the seasons; and 
when I look back from the present hour to the time of my birth, — at beautiful 
and extended prospect which at last is lost in pure air, — how swells my heart ! 
The emotion which my tongue cannot utter, — is it not rapture? And are not 
these tears, tears of joy ? And yet, are not both too feeble an expression of 
thanks ? — Grateful Old Age. From the German of Gvesner. 

114. Am I so much to blame, 109 that yesterday, 140 when you were pleading 
Warmly the cause of another, 140 my heart, 57 impulsive and wayward, 57 
Pleaded your own, 23 and spake out, 57 forgetful perhaps of decorum ? 

■ — Longfellow. 
115. The children of men arise, 23 and pass 

Out of the world, 34 like blades of grass. — Hannah F. Gould 

1 1 6. It mattered little whether in the field, or in the drawing-room; 42 with 
the mob, or the levee ; 42 wearing the Jacobin bonnet, or the iron crown ; 42 
banishing a Braganza, or espousing a Hapsburg, 42 dictating peace, on a raft, to 
the czar of Russia, or contemplating defeat at the gallows of Leipsic, 55 — he 
was still the same military despot. — Character of Napoleon Bonaparte. 

117. One more unfortunate, 57 
Weary of breath, 22 
Rashly importunate, 57 

Gone to her death ! — Hood. 

118. If we wish to be free; 155 if we mean to preserve inviolate those 
inestimable privileges for which we have been so long contending ; 155 if we mean 
not basely to abandon the noble struggle in which we have been so long en- 
gaged, 151 and which we have pledged ourselves never to abandon until the 
glorious object of our contest shall be obtained, 159 — we must fight ! I repeat it, 
we must fight!! An appeal to our arms and the God of Hosts is all that is 
left us ! — Patrick Henry. 

119. The noble indignation with which he repelled the charge of treason 
against his country, the eloquent vindication of his name, and his pathetic 
appeal to posterity, in the hopeless hour of condemnation, — all these entered 
deeply into every geneious bosom, and even his enemies lamented the stem 
policy that dictated his execution. — Irving. 

120. A huiry ol hoofs in a village street, 

A shape in the moonlight, a bulk 111 the dark, 

And beneath from the pebbles, in passing, a spark 

Struck out by a steed flying fearless and fleet,— 

That was all! and yet through the gloom and the light, 

The fate of a nation was riding that night. — Longfellow^ p. 236. 



94 MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES. 



121. "Not to disparage myself," said he, "by the comparison with such 
a rascal, what art thou but a vagabond without house or home, without stock 
or inheritance, born to no possession of your own but a pair of wings and a 
drone pipe ?-' — Swift. 

122. The fineness of Nature's work is so great, 120 that, 85 into a single 
block a foot or two in diameter, 85 she can compress as many changes of form 
and structure, 77 on a small scale, 77 as she needs for the mountains on a large 
one ; 155 and, 01 taking moss for forests, 23 and grains of crystal for crags, 61 the surface 
of a stone, 84 in by far the plurality of instances, 84 is more interesting than the 
surface of an ordinary hill, 38 more fantastic in form, 38 and incomparably richer 
in color. — Quoted by Leigh Hunt, in A Pebble. 

123. Blessings on thee, little man, 

Barefoot boy, with cheek of tan ; 
With thy turned up pantaloons, 
And thy merry whistled tunes ; 
With thy red lip, redder still 
Kissed by strawberries on the hill ; 
With the sunshine on thy face, 
Through thy torn brim's jaunty grace ; 
From my heart I give thee joy, — 
I was once a barefoot boy. — Whit tier. 

124. He saw the gilded weathercock 

Swim in the moonlight as he passed, 

And the meeting-house windows, blank and bare, 

Gaze at him with a spectral glai'e. — Longfellow, p. 236. 

125. These are: 1. The war of 1689, called "King Williams' War:"' 
2. The war of 1702, called "Queen Anne's War;" 3. The war of 1745, called 
"King George's War;" 4. The war of 1754, called the "French and Indian 
War." — Stvinton' 's History U. S. 

126. Then down the road, 56 with mud besprent, 56 
And drenched with rain from head to hoof, 59 
The raindrops dripping from his mane 

And tail as from a pent house roof, 59 

A jaded horse, 59 his head down bent, 59 

Passed slowly, 58 limping as he went. — Longfdlhnv, p. 273. 

127. O, 169 many a shaft, 58 at random sent, 58 
Finds mark the archer little meant ! 
And many a word, 58 at random spoken, 58 

May soothe or wound a heart that's broken. — Scott. 

128. A young Sicilion, too, was there : 
In sight of Etna born and bred, 
Some breath of its volcanic air 

Was glowing 111 his heart and bram ; 
And, being rebellious to his liege, 
After Palermo's fatal siege, 
Across the Western seas he fled, 



-*F^ 



MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES 95 



In good King Bomba's happy reign : 

His face was like a summer night, 

All flooded with a dusky light ; 

His hands were small ; his teeth shone white 

As sea shells, when he smiled or spoke ; 

His sinews supple and strong as oak ; 

Clean shaven was he as a priest, 

Who at the mass on Sunday sings, 

Save that upon his upper lip, 

His beard, a good palm's length at least, 

Level and pointed at the tip, 

Shot sideways, 95 like a swallow's wings. 

— Tales of a Wayside Inn. 

129. Fame, to quote the enthusiastic language of an ancient chronicler, 
has commemorated the names of this little band, "who thus, in the face of 
difficulties unexampled in history, with death rather than riches for their reward, 
preferred it all to abandoning their honor, and stood firm by their leader as an 
example of loyalty to future ages." — W. II. Prescott. 

130. He was a man, take him for all in all 

I shall not look upon his like again. — Hamlet. 

131. Last noon beheld them full of lusty life, 
Last eve in beauty's circle proudly gay, 
The midnight brought the signal sound of strife, 
The mora, the marshalling in arms — the dav, 
Battles magnificently stern array. — Byron. 

132. Indeed, 77 there is nothing in the return of the birds more curious 
and suggestive than in the first appearance, 21 or rumors of the appearance, 35 of 
this little blue-coat. — Burroughs. 

133. Water lilies in myriads rocked on the slight undulations 

Made by the passing oars, and, resplendent in beauty, the lotus 
Lifted her golden crown above the heads of the boatmen. — Long- 
fellow, p. no. 

134. Dead silence succeeded the bellow of the thunder, the roar of the 
wind, the rush of the waters, the moaning of the beasts, the screaming of the 
birds. Nothing was heard save the plash of the agitated lake, as it beat up 
against the black rocks which girt it in. — D. Israeli. 

135. Silently out of the room then glided the glistening savage, 
Bearing the serpent skin, and seeming himself like a serpent, 
Winding his sinuous way in the dark to the depths of the forest. 

: — Longfellow, p. 200. 

136. Sink or swim, 40 live or die, 40 survive or perish, 40 I give my hand and 
my heart to this vote. — Webster. 

137. And now they throng the moonlight glade, 
Above, below, on every side, 
Their little minim forms arrayed 

In the tricksy pomp of pride. — Drake. 



96 MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES. 



138. Like an old patriarch he appeared, — 
Abraham or Isaac, or at least 
Some later prophet or high-priest, — 
With lustrous eyes and olive skin, 
And, wildly tossed from cheek and chin, 
The tumbling cataract of his beard. 

— Tales of a Wayside Inn, p, 234. 

139. Beneath the same sun that rolls over your head, 86 the Indian hunter 
pursued the panting deer ; gazing on the same moon that smiles for you, the 
Indian lover wooed his dusky mate. — Sprague. 

140. The wall-flower and the violet, 
They perished long ago, 
And the brier-rose and the orchis died 
Amid the summer's glow. — Bryant. 
141. For a moment or two, 86 years of vice rolled away like a dark cloud 
from the memory, and the past shone out in the songshine. — Chas. Reade. 
142. 'Tis written in the book of fate, 
The Peri yet may be forgiven 103 
Who brings to this eternal gate 

The gift that is most dear to Heaven. — Tom Aloore. 
143. She struck where the white and fleecy waves 
Looked soft as carded wool, 
But the cruel rocks they gored her side 
Like the horns of an angry bull. 

— The Wreck of the Hesperns, p. 28. 

144. The Indian of falcon glance and lion bearing, the theme of the 
touching ballad, the hero of the pathetic tale, — is gone ! and his degraded 
offspring crawls upon the soil where he walked in majesty, 100 to remind us how 
miserable is man when the foot of the conqueror is on his neck. — Sprague. 

145. Look, under that broad beech-tree I sat down when I was last this 
way a-fishing ; and the birds in the adjoining grove seemed to have a friendly 
contention with an echo, 103 whose dead voice seemed to live in a hollow tree, 
near to the brow of that primrose hill. — Izaak Walton. 

146. He, 104 who, 77 from zone to zone, 77 

Guides through the boundless sky thy certain flight, 85 
In the long way that I must tread alone, 85 
Will lead my steps aright. — Bryant. 
147. Immense branches were shivered from the largest trees ; small ones 
were entirely stripped of their leaves ; the long grass was bowed to the earth ; 
the waters were whirled in eddies out of the little rivulets ; birds, leaving their 
nests to seek shelter in the crevices of the rocks, unable to stem the driving air, 
flapped their wings and fell upon the earth ; the frightened animals of the plain, 
almost suffocated by the impetuosity of the wind sought safety, and found 
destruction. — D 1 Israeli. 

148. There was that nameless splendor everywhere, 
That wild exhilaration in the air, 10 * 
Which makes the passers in the city street 
Congratulate each other as they meet. — Longfellow, p. 239. 



MISCELLAXEOUS EXAMPLES. 



149. Swift he bestrode his firefly steed ; 

He bared his blade of the bent-grass blue ; 
He drove his spurs of the cockle seed, 

And away like a glance of thought he flew, 95 
To skim the heavens, and follow far 
The fiery trail of the rocket star. 

— Drake in The Culprit Tay. 

150. Thou happy, happy elf! 

( But stop, first let me kiss away that tear. ) 
Thou tiny image of myself ! 

( My love, he's poking peas into his ear !) 
Thou merry laughing sprite, 
With spirits feather light, 

Untouched by sorrow, and unsoiled by sin ; — 
( My dear, the child is swallowing a pin !) 

— Ode to an Infant Son, Hood. 

151. As we sat around the dull light of a lamp in the cabin, 104 that made 
the gloom more ghastly, 104 every one had his tale of shipwreck and disaster. 
— Irving. 

152. When reposing that night on my pallet of straw, 84 

By the wolf-scaring fagot that guarded the slain, 108 
At the dead of night a sweet vision I saw, 

And thrice ere the morning I dreamt it again. — Campbell. 

153. Yet, in contradiction tc all this, the almost universal feeling appears 

to be, 150 that industry can effect nothing ; that eminence is the result of 

accident ; and that every one must be content to remain just what he may- 
happen to be. 

154. One morn a Peri at the gate 
Of Eden stood, disconsolate ; 
And as she listened tc the springs 
Of life within, like music flowing, 
And caught the light upon her wings 
Through the half-open portal glowing, 
She wept to think her recreant race 
Should ere have lost that glorious place. — Moore. 

155. I buried him on St. Michael's night, 

When the bell tolled one, and the moon was bright ; 
And I dug his chamber among the dead 
When the floor of the chancel was stained red. 
That his patron's cross might over him wave, 
And scare the fiends from the wizzard's grave. 

— Lay of the last Minstrel. 

156. The calm that cometh after all, 

Looked sweetly down at shut of day, 109 

Where friend and foe commingled lay 

Like leaves of forest as they fall. — Joaquin Miller. 



MISCELLA NE O Us E XA MPL E S . 



157. After we had landed on the island, and walked about four miles 
through the midst of beautiful plains and sloping woodlands, we at length came 
to a little hill, on the side of which yawned a most horrid cavern. — Goldsmith. 

158. A shadow on the moonlight fell, 151 

And murmuring wind and wave became 

A voice whose burden was her name. — Whit tier. 

159. Loop up her tresses, 

Escaped from the comb, 
Her fair auburn tresses, 
Whilst wonderment guesses, 150 

Where was her home ? 

Who was her father ? 

Who was her mother ? 

Had she a sister ? 

Had she a brother ? 
Or was there a dearer one 
Still, or a nearer one 
Yet, than all other 1—Hood. 

160. Why Humphrey, 167 you didn't? 5 — Coleman. 

161. The day is done, and the darkness 

Falls from the wings of night, 
As a feather is wafted downward 

From an eagle in its flight. — Longfellow, p. 87. 

162. Then tighter drew the coils around, 
And closer grew the battle-ground, 
And fewer feathered arrows fell, 
And fainter grew the battle yell, 
Until upon the hill was heard 

The short, sharp whistle of the bird. — Joaquin Miller. 

163. There is ever sunshine somewhere ; and the brave man will go on 
his way rejoicing ; content to look forward, if under a cloud ; not bating one 
jot of heart or hope, if for a moment cast down. — Friswell. 

164. And now before the open door 125 — 
The warrior priest had ordered so 125 — 
The enlisting trumpets' sudden roar 
Rang through the chapel, o'er and o'er, 
Its long reverberating blow, 

So loud and clear, it seemed the ear 

Of dusty death must wake and hear. — T. B. Read. 

165. Where are the flowers, 24 the fair young flowers, 36 
That lately sprang and stood 

In brighter light and softer airs, 66 
A beauteous sisterhood?" — Bryant. 



* fjETPD+IN* 



A Series of Graded Lessons for the Use of Schools. Arranged for the 

Convenience of Teachers, and Especially Adapted 

to Private Study. 



S1ZT G-. ZHZ. BELL, 
Professor of h nglish Language and Literature in Battle Creek College. 



This work contains an entirely new method of presenting the principles 
of the English language. The method is the result of the study and exper- 
ience of one whose life-work has been to find the most natural, practical, and 
efficient manner of teaching the subject, and who has been pronounced a 
successful educator in this branch for more than thirty years. 

The chief characteiistics of the work may be briefly stated as follows: — 

1. The language is developed, not with special reference to the parts 
of speech, but so as to meet the demands of thought, — first show.ng a need, 
and then how that need is supplied. 

2. 'I he examples are so selected and arranged that the pupil, from the 
first, is able to understand and explain the use of every word in them ; for, 
with slight exceptions, the examples of each lesson contain nothing new but 
the special truth to be taught in that lesson. 

3. Instead of stating principles first, and giving examples afterward, the 
new truth to be taught is drawn from the examples themselves. 

4. The analysis of sentences is logical rather than grammatical, dealing 
primarily with the thought ; and with constructions, as mere conveniences lor 
expressing the thought. 

5. The essential rules of syntax have been so combined with the parsing 
as to lose their formality, without any diminution of their force. 

G. The clearness with which the principles are set forth makes them 
thoroughly understood on the stnrt; while by means of the c'ass drill which 
immediately follows, they become indelibly impressed on the student's mind. 
This feature, together with the author's unique system of reviews, and his 
use of already imparted principles in the development of new ones, enables 
the student to fully master the subject in a single course ! 

AS A BOOK OF REFERENCE, 

It is invaluable, containing, as it does, a well nigh exhaustless store of the 
most carefully selected examples for i 1 lustration and class drill. Every 
principle of the language, and every office or relation of words is fully illus- 
trated by these sentences, which are accompanied by explanations, and fol- 
lowed by new and interesting models for parsing and analysis. These ex- 
amples are so classified that by reference to the index the teacher may at 
once obtain illustrations of any principal he may be teaching, as well as in- 
valuable hints on the best methods of presenting it. This feature alone 
renders the book worth more than it costs to any teacher. 

SG^~ For further information, send stamp for descriptive circuLir, con- 
taining extracts from the author's preface, specimen pages of the work, and 
testimonials from leading educators. 



What Leading Educators Say of the Work. 



From New England and National Journal of Education. 
" We hail this book as a grand step in the right direction. We heartily 
commend it to teachers." 

Prom C. E. B. BELLOWS, Prof. Mathematics, State Nor. School, Ypsilanti. 
" I am pleased with the method, decidedly ! It is on the right track, as 
I regard matters of the kind." 

From J. ESTABEOOK, Principal Normal Department, Olivet College. 
"The author's method of treating cannot fail to interest pupils in a 
study which is generally dry and uninteresting." 

From A. J. DANIELS, Superintendent Schools, and A. E. STRONG, 
Principal High School, Grand Kapids, Mich. 

" An admirable book — the most natural and progressive of any we have 
seen. " 



This work is a volume of 432 pages, printed from new type, on super- 
sized, calendered paper, and substantially bound in cloth, with leather back. 
It is in every respect a model of excellence in mechanical execution. 

PRICE, ppst-pa,Id. 7 $1.50. 

Copies for examination will be forwarded by mail, post-paid, to 

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This chart is designed to accompany the author's "Guide to Correct 
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plete key to the chart. After a few minutes' study a familiarity with the 
chart can be acquired which will enable the writer to go directly to the rule 
wanted easier than to a word in the dictionary. 

SIZE OF CHART, 28 X 42 INCHES. 

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